Citation 56 Cal.4th 866
In re Boyette
Filed 5/30/13
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF CALIFORNIA
In re MAURICE BOYETTE
S092356
on Habeas Corpus.
____________________________________)
In 1993, an Alameda County jury convicted petitioner Maurice Boyette of
two counts of first degree murder for shooting and killing Gary Carter and Annette
Devallier. (Pen. Code, § 187.)1 The jury also convicted petitioner of being a felon
in possession of a firearm (§ 12021) and sustained allegations that he was both
armed with (§ 12022, subd. (a)) and used (§ 12022.5, subd. (a)) a firearm during
the crimes. The jury also sustained a multiple-murder special-circumstance
allegation (§ 190.2, subd. (a)(3)), rendering him eligible for the death penalty.
Following the penalty phase of trial, the jury sentenced petitioner to death. This
court affirmed his conviction and sentence in 2002. (People v. Boyette (2002) 29
Cal.4th 381.)
While his appeal was pending, petitioner also filed a petition for writ of
habeas corpus in this court. Having found the petition stated a prima facie case for
relief on several claims of alleged juror misconduct, this court issued an order on
1
All further statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise
noted.
1
November 15, 2006, instructing the Director of the Department of Corrections2 to
show cause why relief should not be granted. We thereafter appointed a referee to
determine certain disputed facts. After holding an evidentiary hearing, our referee
filed his report with this court, and the parties filed their exceptions to it. The case
is now ripe for decision. As explained below, we accept the referee‟s report and
findings as supported by substantial evidence, discharge the order to show cause,
and deny relief.
I. BACKGROUND
A. The Facts of the Crimes
The facts surrounding petitioner‟s crimes, set forth in more detail in our
opinion on appeal (People v. Boyette, supra, 29 Cal.4th at pp. 403-407), are not
relevant to the analysis of the juror misconduct claims raised in the habeas corpus
petition and contained in the order to show cause. Suffice it to say the evidence
showed that petitioner acted as a bodyguard for a drug dealer in Oakland named
Antoine Johnson; Johnson learned the two victims, Carter and Devallier, had
allegedly stolen rock cocaine and cash from a safe house Johnson maintained; and
petitioner accompanied Johnson to the house, confronted the victims and, in the
ensuing melee, shot and killed both victims at pointblank range.
B. The Habeas Corpus Petition
Petitioner filed a lengthy petition for writ of habeas corpus raising
numerous issues. We found the petition stated a prima facie case for relief as to
six claims, all of which related to various aspects of alleged misconduct by jury
2
The Department of Corrections is now called the Department of
Corrections and Rehabilitation. (See Gov. Code, § 12838, subd. (a); In re Large
(2007) 41 Cal.4th 538, 544, fn. 4.)
2
foreperson Pervies Lee Ary, Sr. (Ary).3 (See People v. Duvall (1995) 9 Cal.4th
464, 475 [“If . . . the court finds the factual allegations, taken as true, establish a
prima facie case for relief, the court will issue an [order to show cause].”].)
Accordingly, we issued an order to show cause, directing the custodian “to show
cause before this court when the proceeding is ordered on calendar, why the relief
prayed for should not be granted on the grounds that: (1) Juror Pervies Ary
concealed relevant facts or gave false answers during voir dire concerning his
prior felony conviction and other contacts with the justice system; (2) Juror
Pervies Ary concealed relevant facts or gave false answers during voir dire
concerning the prior criminal records of his sons; (3) . . . ;[4] (4) Juror Pervies Ary
3
Petitioner filed his petition for writ of habeas corpus in 2000, and the
petition includes the full names of the trial jurors. Rule 8.332(b)(1) of the
California Rules of Court presently addresses protecting juror anonymity in
criminal cases, directing that “[t]he name of each trial juror . . . sworn to hear the
case must be replaced with an identifying number wherever it appears in any
document.” As that rule was not effective until January 1, 2007, it could not apply
to the petition. The precursor to rule 8.332, former rule 31.3, was effective on
January 1, 2004, but even that rule came after petitioner filed his petition. Both
rules of court implement Code of Civil Procedure section 237, which provides in
pertinent part: “Upon the recording of a jury‟s verdict in a criminal jury
proceeding, the court‟s record of personal juror identifying information of trial
jurors, as defined in Section 194, consisting of names, addresses, and telephone
numbers, shall be sealed until further order of the court as provided by this
section.” (Id., subd. (a)(2).)
Although we have generally treated rule 8.332 to have retroactive effect so
as to maximize juror privacy, the petition, all subsequent briefing by both parties,
as well as our order to show cause and the evidentiary hearing record all identify
the jurors by name. As no party has asked to shield the identities of the jurors, we
decline to do so.
4
The order to show cause originally referenced petitioner‟s claim that Ary
had concealed relevant facts when answering question No. 24 on the jury
questionnaire, which asked whether he had ever witnessed a crime. In his
traverse, however, petitioner stated that, “given the other, numerous and even
more egregious falsehoods of Juror Ary . . . , petitioner does not believe that a
(footnote continued on next page)
3
concealed relevant facts or gave false answers during voir dire concerning his
problem with alcohol and his son‟s drug addiction; (5) Juror Pervies Ary
introduced information into the jury deliberations concerning an alleged prior
murder committed by petitioner Maurice Boyette, although no evidence of such a
crime was introduced at trial; and (6) Juror Christine Rennie and one other juror,
at the urging of Juror Ary, during the pendency of the jury deliberations, rented
and watched a videotape of the movie American Me in order to gather background
information for the trial.”
The Attorney General, representing the Director of the Department of
Corrections and Rehabilitation, thereafter filed a return (see People v. Duvall,
supra, 9 Cal.4th at p. 475), and petitioner responded by filing his traverse (id. at
p. 476; see generally In re Bacigalupo (2012) 55 Cal.4th 312, 332-333). After
considering the return (in which the Attorney General conceded the existence of
disputed material facts) and the traverse (in which petitioner reasserted his original
allegations of juror misconduct), we determined the case turned on disputed
questions of fact requiring resolution in an evidentiary hearing. Therefore, on
September 9, 2009, we issued an order appointing the Honorable Jon Rolefson,
Judge of the Alameda County Superior Court, to serve as our referee in this
proceeding and to answer specific factual questions, addressed in more detail
below.
(footnote continued from previous page)
determination of this fact is necessary to proving that Juror Ary was an
unqualified, biased juror. Petitioner would prefer to withdraw this allegation
rather than prolong litigation in this case.” Accordingly, we declined to ask the
referee to take evidence on this topic.
4
C. The Evidentiary Hearing, the Referee’s Report, and the
Parties’ Exceptions Thereto
1. Ary’s Failure to Reveal His Criminal History
Question No. 25 on the jury questionnaire given the prospective jurors in
petitioner‟s case asked: “HAVE YOU, A CLOSE FRIEND, OR RELATIVE
EVER BEEN ACCUSED OF A CRIME, EVEN IF THE CASE DID NOT
COME TO COURT?” Ary answered “NO.” Despite this response, petitioner
alleges that Ary himself had several times been accused, and even convicted, of a
crime and failed during voir dire to disclose that fact, to wit, that Ary (1) was
charged in 1964 with two counts of robbery and grand theft, and was convicted
that same year of felony grand theft; (2) was charged in 1971 with seven counts of
robbery, but the charges were dismissed for insufficient evidence; (3) pleaded
guilty to driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI), a misdemeanor, in 1982
and was placed on probation; and (4) had his probation revoked in 1982 and was
reinstated to probation that same year. Ary himself declares he “was arrested in
. . . 1963 and spent some time in jail.”
Petitioner also alleges his trial attorney was unaware of Ary‟s felon status
or his concealments. A declaration by Walter Cannady, petitioner‟s lead trial
attorney, supports this allegation. Cannady states he was unaware of Ary‟s prior
felony conviction and that, had he known, he would have questioned Ary on the
subject. Moreover, based on his experience with the trial judge, Cannady is
confident the court would have sustained a challenge against Ary for cause.
Cannady further declares he would have used a peremptory challenge to remove
Juror Ary in any event.
In the return, respondent agreed a dispute of material facts existed “whether
Ary deliberately misrepresented his prior criminal history from decades ago or
whether he believed that record had been expunged, was too old to count, or was
5
otherwise not covered by the questions asked on voir dire.” We thereafter directed
our referee to answer the following questions: “Given that Juror Pervies Lee Ary
was in 1964 convicted of felony grand theft, was incarcerated as a result, was later
charged in 1971 with six [sic] counts of robbery, later pleaded guilty to
misdemeanor drunk driving in 1982, and then had his probation revoked in 1982,
and given that Ary failed to disclose this information either on his juror
questionnaire or during voir dire in petitioner‟s trial, what were Ary‟s reasons for
failing to disclose these facts? Was the nondisclosure intentional and deliberate?
Considering Ary‟s reasons for failing to disclose these facts, was his nondisclosure
of the above facts indicative of juror bias? Was Ary actually biased against
petitioner?”
Ary was the first witness to testify at the evidentiary hearing, and he
admitted he had been arrested and convicted of a felony in 1964 and served six
months in jail. Ary also was arrested and charged with robbery in 1971, but was
exonerated when the actual culprit was apprehended. In 1982, he was arrested for
DUI and pleaded guilty to a misdemeanor; his punishment included participation
in Alcoholics Anonymous.
Ary further explained that when he was called for jury duty in petitioner‟s
case, he called the telephone number on the jury summons and revealed his 1964
felony conviction, but was told that because he entered military service just after
his conviction, his conviction had been expunged and “that I don‟t have to be
concerned with that as having a record.” When asked why he did not reveal his
1971 arrest for robbery, as he was clearly “accused” of the crime before his
eventual exoneration, he explained that he understood question No. 25 as asking
whether he had suffered any convictions, not whether he had merely been accused
of a crime, that he had simply read the question incorrectly, and that he had “made
a mistake.” Regarding his failure to reveal his guilty plea to DUI in 1982, he first
6
stated, “I feel that I should have never gotten that” because he had consumed only
two beers in a five-hour period, but then backtracked and said he did not consider
the DUI charge to be a criminal matter and it did not seem important enough to
mention.
The referee found that Juror Ary honestly misunderstood question No. 25
as asking only for criminal convictions, not merely criminal accusations. “Clearly,
the question was not limited to convictions, since it not only used the word
„accused,‟ but also added the phrase, „even if the case did not come to court.‟ On
the other hand, there was no further explanation provided, no additional questions
on the subject, and no inquiry during voir dire that might have provided
clarification. Moreover, Mr. Ary expressed the same misunderstanding of the
question while testifying at the hearing. Thus, while his interpretation of the
question was certainly unreasonable, it is not unbelievable under the
circumstances. Since his only convictions had been set aside, he believed he had
none to report.”
The referee further found that because Ary “believed” he was answering
question No. 25 accurately, “his nondisclosure was not intentional and deliberate,”
that such nondisclosure was therefore “not indicative of juror bias,” and that Ary
was not actually biased against petitioner.
Petitioner raises several exceptions to these findings, but we find none
meritorious. First, he contends the referee improperly limited his ability to present
evidence relevant to the question of prejudice flowing from Juror Ary‟s various
concealments, having erroneously decided “that any evidence of Ary‟s actions that
demonstrated juror bias during the trial [was] barred.” As we explain, we
conclude petitioner did not preserve this claim for our review and that it lacks
merit in any event.
7
Prior to calling the first witness, petitioner‟s habeas corpus counsel argued
that to prove bias, an issue we had asked the referee to address, she “need[ed] to
be permitted to establish by testimony the underlying elements of that question.”
The referee responded to this argument: “Actually, the Supreme Court has given
me very specific guidances [as] to just what I am supposed to determine. The
issue of bias, it asks me in Question No. 1, was Mr. Ary‟s . . . nondisclosure of
certain facts indicative of juror bias and was he actually biased against petitioner,
and I think you are talking about . . . two different concepts, implied bias and
actual bias, and the same questions are asked in Question No. 2, and that‟s where
those issues come in, and so I agree that those are relevant, but [proving the juror
was] prejudice[d] is a different issue.” (Italics added.) Counsel agreed.
Later, when questioning Ary, counsel asked: “Mr. Ary, do you recall
asking the [trial court] probably in writing during the guilt phase how can a
homeless person obtain private lawyers or are they court appointed?”5 When the
referee sustained the People‟s objection, counsel asked: “Is that as to all of the
questions [Juror Ary] asked? What I‟m trying to establish, Your Honor, is I am
going to ask the witness if he remembers question by question because he does not
remember at this point. . . .” The following colloquy then occurred:
“THE COURT: . . . I have very specific areas of inquiry, and that is not
one of them, and I understand that there is a chance that this might peripherally
5
As we explained on appeal, “[d]uring the presentation of the defense case,
the trial court received a note from a juror. The juror asked four questions: „How
can a homeless person obtain such private lawyer[s] or are the [defense attorneys]
court appointed? [¶] [Regarding] the neighbor who lived 4 houses up the street[,]
describe the size of the person he saw standing in the street or over (near) the body
(sml, med, lrg) short or tall. [¶] [Is t]his blind person being tried also or what[?]
[¶] Did the person on trial [take,] or is he willing to take[,] a lie detector test[?]‟ ”
(People v. Boyette, supra, 29 Cal.4th at p. 429, fn. omitted.)
8
relate to one of the areas of inquiry that is spelled out by the Supreme Court.
I mean, it could, but I don’t see it, so I might need you to explain it to me.
“[COUNSEL]: Your Honor, I believe it goes to bias, and if you look at the
question—
“THE COURT: I am going to ask you to—I‟m going to sustain the
objection now. I am going to sustain it now. That’s not to say that if at a later
time based on other evidence that is presented it becomes clear what the link
might be, I won‟t let you ask it again, but as of right now, it‟s sustained.” (Italics
added.)
Counsel did not later attempt to explain the link between the intended line
of questioning and a theory of admissibility. The referee and the parties had
earlier agreed that no opening briefs would be filed before the reference hearing,
so no fuller explanation of counsel‟s theory of admissibility was available until her
briefs before this court. Here, counsel argues the referee erroneously interpreted
our order of reference as limited to Ary‟s state of mind at the time of the
concealment, and thus limited to evidence of possible bias “at the time he omitted
material evidence from the questionnaire.” According to petitioner, the referee‟s
interpretation of our order led him, for example, to exclude evidence of Ary‟s
“labeling certain jurors as „naive‟; any discussion among some of the jurors
concerning the lying in wait special circumstance; Ary‟s note to the trial court
expressing his inappropriate hostility to petitioner.” But this theory was not
explained to the referee, who specifically indicated he was sustaining the People‟s
objection subject to a later demonstration of how the evidence was relevant. As
petitioner did not thereafter try to show the link between the excluded evidence
and a material fact to be proved at the hearing, he forfeited the claim. (People v.
Holloway (2004) 33 Cal.4th 96, 133 [where a trial court tentatively excludes
evidence and states counsel is free to later ask the court to change its ruling, failure
9
to do so forfeits the issue for appeal]; People v. Ennis (2010) 190 Cal.App.4th 721,
735-736 [same].)
Were we to find the issue was properly preserved for our review, we would
find it meritless. For example, question No. 1 of our September 9, 2009, order,
which concerns Ary‟s failure to reveal his criminal past, directed the referee to
determine “what were Ary‟s reasons for failing to disclose these facts? Was the
nondisclosure intentional and deliberate? Considering Ary‟s reasons for failing to
disclose these facts, was his nondisclosure of the above facts indicative of juror
bias? Was Ary actually biased against petitioner?” (Italics added.) Read in
context, the question did not ask the referee to answer whether, as a global matter,
Ary was a biased juror. Instead, the referee reasonably interpreted the order‟s
language to direct him to determine whether Ary’s concealment of his criminal
past demonstrated that he was biased. The language of the other questions is
subject to the same interpretation. Accordingly, we reject petitioner‟s first
exception, both because it was forfeited and because it is meritless.
Second, petitioner contends the referee was mistaken when he concluded
Ary “did not disclose his own criminal history on voir dire because he was not
asked about it.” (Italics added.) Clearly question No. 25 asked jurors such as Ary
to disclose their criminal history. But immediately following the passage in the
referee‟s report to which petitioner excepts, the report explains that “[t]he only
inquiry into this subject was a single question in the written questionnaire . . . .”
Accordingly, the referee must have meant that Ary was never asked orally about
his criminal past on voir dire, a circumstance confirmed by the transcript of the
voir dire proceedings.
Third, petitioner excepts to the referee‟s findings because the referee “failed
to give any weight” to the fact Ary gave several different reasons for his failure to
disclose his criminal history. Further, according to petitioner, “[t]he hearing
10
record reflects Ary‟s complete lack of credibility.” To be sure, Ary made some
inconsistent statements, some of which could have undermined his believability,
but “[t]he main reason for an evidentiary hearing is to have the referee determine
the credibility of the testimony given at the hearing. [Citation.] Because the
referee observes the demeanor of the witnesses as they testify, we generally defer
to the referee‟s factual findings and „give great weight‟ to them when supported by
substantial evidence.” (In re Bacigalupo, supra, 55 Cal.4th at p. 333.)
“ „Deference to the referee is particularly appropriate on issues requiring
resolution of testimonial conflicts and assessment of witnesses‟ credibility,
because the referee has the opportunity to observe the witnesses‟ demeanor and
manner of testifying.‟ ” (In re Price (2011) 51 Cal.4th 547, 559.)
Although Ary made some inconsistent statements, “we assume the referee
considered those discrepancies, along with [the witness‟s] demeanor, while
testifying, before concluding he was a credible witness.” (In re Bacigalupo,
supra, 55 Cal.4th at p. 338 (conc. opn. of Liu, J.).) Accordingly, we reject
petitioner‟s contention that the referee‟s findings as to Ary‟s credibility are
unsupported by substantial evidence. (In re Hardy (2007) 41 Cal.4th 977, 993 [we
give great weight to findings of the referee that are supported by substantial
evidence].) Instead, we conclude that in light of all the evidence, including Ary‟s
demeanor while testifying, the referee reasonably credited Ary‟s explanation for
his failure to disclose his own criminal history when answering question No. 25 on
the jury questionnaire.
Accordingly, we reject petitioner‟s exceptions to the referee‟s findings and
instead accept them, supported as they are by substantial evidence.
11
2. Ary’s Failure to Reveal His Relatives’ Criminal History
In addition to inquiring about the juror himself, question No. 25 also asked
whether Ary had any relatives who had been “ACCUSED OF A CRIME, EVEN
IF THE CASE DID NOT COME TO COURT.” As noted, Ary answered “NO.”
Petitioner alleged in his habeas corpus petition that Ary failed to disclose that his
two sons, Pervies Lee Ary, Jr. (Pervies Jr.), and Pervies Lee Ary II (Pervies II),6 as
well as two other relatives, had significant criminal histories. Petitioner‟s
documentary support for these allegations shows Pervies Jr. (1) was charged in
1986 with four counts of transportation of narcotics, possession, and possession
for sale, and pleaded guilty to all four counts in return for being sentenced to three
years‟ probation on conditions including 210 days in jail; (2) pleaded guilty the
same day in a different case to possession for sale of cocaine and was sentenced to
probation on conditions including a consecutive term of 150 days in jail;
(3) pleaded guilty in 1987 to sale of marijuana, was sentenced to three years in
custody, had the sentence suspended, and was committed to the California
Rehabilitation Center in Norco due to his narcotics addiction; and (4) pleaded
guilty in 1990 to driving with a suspended license, a misdemeanor.
Documents also indicate Ary‟s second son, Pervies II, had been charged in
1993 with misdemeanor battery and that this criminal charge had been filed the
same day Ary was questioned on voir dire in petitioner‟s case. The battery charge,
however, was ultimately dismissed.
In his declaration, Ary also declares that “[o]ne of my first cousins got a
life sentence during the 1950s for killing a man.” Trial Attorney Cannady declares
he was unaware of the arrests and convictions of Pervies Jr., but makes no mention
6
The juror‟s younger son is sometimes referred to as Pervies Ary II and
sometimes as Pervies Ary III. We will refer to him as Pervies II.
12
of Ary‟s cousin. Cannady declares he would have used a peremptory challenge to
remove Ary as a juror had he known these facts.
Respondent, in the return, agreed that a dispute of material fact existed
regarding whether “Ary deliberately misrepresented his family‟s prior criminal
records.” We thereafter asked the referee to answer these questions: “Given that
two of Juror Pervies Lee Ary‟s sons had criminal records, and that one of Ary‟s
cousins was convicted of murder, and given that Ary failed to disclose this
information on either his juror questionnaire or during voir dire in petitioner‟s
trial, what were Ary‟s reasons for failing to disclose these facts? Was the
nondisclosure intentional and deliberate? Considering Ary‟s reasons for failing to
disclose these facts, was his nondisclosure of the above facts indicative of juror
bias? Was Ary biased against petitioner?”
At the evidentiary hearing, Ary confirmed he has two sons: Pervies Jr.,
born in 1964, and Pervies II, born in 1974. Pervies Jr. was arrested in the 1980s
on a drug-related charge; Ary remembered because Pervies Jr.‟s mother had called
him at the time and asked him to help with raising bail. Ary testified that he was
estranged from Pervies Jr. and had learned the details of the arrest “after I was a
juror” because he “wasn‟t around” his son. He also testified, however, that he
could not say if he had learned of Pervies Jr.‟s felony conviction before serving as
a juror in petitioner‟s trial.
Ary‟s younger son, Pervies II, also had trouble with the law. Sometime
before petitioner‟s trial, Ary accompanied his son to juvenile court to face a
misdemeanor charge connected to an incident of road rage. When Pervies II failed
to complete an essay assigned as a condition of probation, he was arrested and
committed to juvenile hall. At the evidentiary hearing, Ary explained that he did
not reveal Pervies II‟s criminal history on his jury questionnaire because, in his
judgment, “it didn‟t go to court, so I said, well, that‟s not even important.”
13
Clarifying his comment, Ary said he thought he need not mention the matter
because it was a juvenile proceeding.
Ary testified at the hearing that he had both a nephew and a cousin who
were serving sentences of life without parole for murder, and admitted he had
revealed neither relative on his jury questionnaire. He explained the omissions by
saying, “I didn‟t think about it,” because the nephew was his ex-wife‟s sister‟s son
and Ary did not have direct contact with him, and the cousin had been sentenced
to life in prison almost 50 years ago and Ary had never had contact with him.
The referee apparently credited Ary‟s explanations for his nondisclosure of
the criminal history of his two sons and other relatives, for after noting Ary‟s
explanations, the referee concluded that “Ary‟s nondisclosure . . . was due in part
to his belief that he was answering the question accurately . . . .” Moreover, Ary‟s
omissions were due “in part to his failure of recollection” and thus were “not
intentional and deliberate.” Because Ary believed he was answering question No.
25 accurately, his omission of his relatives‟ criminal history “was not indicative of
juror bias,” and he was not in fact biased against petitioner.
Petitioner raises exceptions to various portions of the referee‟s findings, but
we find them meritless. First, he contends the sheer number of Ary‟s relatives
with serious criminal records is “revealing” and thus indicative of Ary‟s intent to
conceal. He also contends that Ary‟s testimony at the evidentiary hearing was
inconsistent with what he had told the district attorney‟s investigator. But these
matters were fully aired at the hearing, and we assume the referee took these
factors into account before concluding Ary‟s failure to disclose was unintentional.
(In re Bacigalupo, supra, 55 Cal.4th at p. 338 (conc. opn. of Liu, J.).)
The same reasoning disposes of petitioner‟s further claim that because Ary
testified that at the time of petitioner‟s trial he knew his son Pervies Jr. had been
“arrested numerous times,” we should not credit the referee‟s conclusion that
14
Ary‟s omissions were due “in part to his failure of recollection.” As Ary also
testified that all he knew at the time of petitioner‟s trial was what he had heard
from Pervies Jr.‟s mother, namely that Pervies Jr. had been arrested the one time,
we assume the referee considered these possible inconsistencies before reaching
his conclusion.
Petitioner argues for a different result, citing Dyer v. Calderon (9th Cir.
1998) 151 F.3d 970. In Dyer, it came to light before the penalty phase of a capital
trial that a juror‟s brother had been shot and killed six years earlier, but the juror
had not mentioned the incident in her juror questionnaire. When the trial court
held a hearing and questioned the juror about it, she explained she thought her
brother‟s death was an accident, not a crime. The trial court concluded the juror
did not demonstrate a lack of candor and allowed her to remain on the jury, which
eventually sentenced the defendant to death. The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals,
sitting en banc, disagreed, finding the trial court should have uncovered additional
facts that clearly demonstrated the juror‟s explanation was unbelievable because
“the killing had none of the earmarks of an accident.” (Id. at p. 973.) “[A] judge
investigating juror bias must find facts, not make assumptions, and here the key
facts were easily discernible. A few questions to [the juror] about her relationship
with her brother; an examination of the casefile; a request for confirmation from
the prosecutor; an order to bring [her husband] into court—any or all of these
would have disclosed that [the juror] knew a lot more about her brother‟s death
than she was letting on.” (Id. at p. 976.)
Because the federal appellate court found “the facts were not properly
developed by the state court, its finding that [the juror] was unbiased is not entitled
to a presumption of correctness.” (Dyer v. Calderon, supra, 151 F.3d at p. 979.)
The Ninth Circuit thus felt free to determine de novo whether the juror was biased
based on new facts discovered by federal habeas corpus counsel. The federal
15
appellate court found her failure to disclose critical facts raised an inference of
bias but admitted that whether the juror “was actually biased—i.e., whether she
was disposed to cast a vote against Dyer—is difficult to figure out eighteen years
later.” (Id. at p. 981.) Nevertheless, “there is every indication that she was not
indifferent to service on the jury. After watching a number of potential jurors
disclose relatively minor crimes and get dismissed, she chose to conceal a very
major crime—the killing of her brother in a way that she knew was very similar to
the way Dyer was accused of killing his victims. She also failed to disclose many
other facts that would have jeopardized her chances of serving on Dyer‟s jury.
Later on, when she was questioned about her brother‟s death, she lied once again
by pretending she thought it was an accident, and by telling the judge that no one
in her family had testified about the killing. The inference we draw from all this is
that [the juror] lied in order to preserve her status as a juror and to secure the right
to pass on Dyer‟s sentence.” (Id. at p. 982, fn. omitted.)
In the circumstances of the Dyer case, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals
itself made an assessment of the offending juror‟s state of mind, at the time of her
concealment, based on facts developed by federal habeas corpus counsel. The
court felt free to do so because it found the state trial court, which had questioned
the juror, had failed to conduct a reasonably thorough investigation. By contrast,
the issue of the juror‟s state of mind in the instant case arose after trial, and we
directed our referee to conduct an evidentiary hearing. The referee made clear
credibility determinations after observing Ary and other former jurors testify.
Were we to assess the matter de novo, as the Dyer court did, we might come to a
different conclusion, as Ary‟s concealments were unusual in their number and
breadth. But because the referee‟s credibility determinations are supported by
substantial evidence, and there being no suggestion the referee‟s hearing was
inadequate, we are not at liberty to disregard those findings. As the Dyer court
16
itself cautioned: “[W]e must be tolerant, as jurors may forget incidents long
buried in their minds, misunderstand a question or bend the truth a bit to avoid
embarrassment. The Supreme Court has held that an honest yet mistaken answer
to a voir dire question rarely amounts to a constitutional violation; even an
intentionally dishonest answer is not fatal, so long as the falsehood does not
bespeak a lack of impartiality.” (Dyer v. Calderon, supra, 151 F.3d at p. 973.)
Although we are not bound to follow the decisions of lower federal courts in any
event (People v. Avena (1996) 13 Cal.4th 394, 431), Dyer is distinguishable on its
facts and thus unpersuasive.
Petitioner next contends that Ary‟s recollection of Pervies Jr.‟s mother
asking him for bail money indicates that Pervies Jr.‟s troubles were “significant”
for Ary, suggesting that Ary‟s explanation of his failure to recall the incident
should not be believed. We leave it to the referee to sort out these matters and
conclude his decision to credit Ary‟s explanation—after hearing him testify and
observing his demeanor—is supported by substantial evidence. (In re Price,
supra, 51 Cal.4th at p. 559.)
Petitioner‟s final exception concerns Ary‟s nephews. Petitioner argues that
although Ary testified his former sister-in-law‟s four sons—Ary‟s nephews by
marriage—were all in prison for drug- or homicide-related crimes, “[t]his
testimony was ignored by the referee.” We reject the claim. Only one nephew‟s
troubles were known to Ary at the time of petitioner‟s trial, and the referee found
the omission nondispositive, reasoning that Ary did not think of the nephew
because he was not a person with whom he had had any meaningful contact.
Thus, according to the referee, Ary‟s failure to disclose “the criminal history of
family members was due in part to his belief that he was answering the question
accurately and in part to his failure of recollection.”
17
We conclude that in light of all the evidence, including Ary‟s demeanor
while testifying, the referee reasonably credited Ary‟s explanation for his
omissions in answering question No. 25 on the jury questionnaire with regard to
the criminal histories of his sons and other relatives. We thus reject petitioner‟s
exceptions and accept the referee‟s findings.
3. Ary’s Alleged Failure to Reveal His Problem With Alcohol
or His Son’s Drug Addiction
Question No. 61 on the jury questionnaire asked: “HAVE YOU, A CLOSE
FRIEND OR RELATIVE EVER HAD A PROBLEM INVOLVING THE USE
OF DRUGS OR ALCOHOL?” Ary answered “NO.” The question was relevant
to jury selection because the murders of Carter and Devallier occurred in
connection with the illegal drug trade, and the parties understandably wished to
know if a potential juror had any personal connections or problems with that
milieu. Indeed, defense counsel at trial specifically informed Ary during voir dire
that the killings took place at “a drug house. And some of the people who may
testify, you know, may have used drugs.” Counsel then asked Ary, “Is that going
to cause you any bias or prejudice one way or the other?” Ary replied, “I don‟t
think so.”
Petitioner alleged in his habeas corpus petition that despite answering
question No. 61 in the negative, Ary was in fact an alcoholic who had been
ordered to attend Alcoholics Anonymous as a condition of his misdemeanor DUI
conviction in 1982. In addition, his son Pervies Jr. had been sent to the California
Rehabilitation Center in Norco because he was a drug addict. Respondent
conceded an evidentiary hearing was necessary to resolve disputed facts
concerning Ary‟s answer to question No. 61. We thereafter asked the referee to
answer these questions: “Given that Juror Pervies Lee Ary had previously been
convicted of driving under the influence and was as a result required to attend
18
meetings of Alcoholics Anonymous, and that one of his sons had several prior
criminal convictions for drug-related crimes and had been incarcerated at the
California Rehabilitation Center at Norco, and given that Ary failed to disclose
this information on either his juror questionnaire or during voir dire in petitioner‟s
trial, what were Ary‟s reasons for failing to disclose these facts? Was the
nondisclosure intentional and deliberate? Considering Ary‟s reasons for failing to
disclose these facts, was his nondisclosure of the above facts indicative of juror
bias? Was Ary biased against petitioner?”
Ary‟s testimony at the evidentiary hearing was essentially consistent with
the allegations in the petition for writ of habeas corpus and the district attorney‟s
investigation, as described in the return. Ary admitted that following his guilty
plea in 1982 to DUI, his punishment included participation in Alcoholics
Anonymous. He admitted he imbibed “socially at clubs or . . . at home,” but
claimed he had consumed only two beers during a five-hour party before being
arrested for DUI. He denied that abstinence from alcoholic beverages was a
condition of his probation following his 1964 felony conviction, and further
denied he had a problem with alcohol, explaining he answered “NO” to question
No. 61 because he interpreted the question as asking whether he was an alcoholic.
Ary also denied that any of his relatives were alcoholics or had a problem
with drugs. He knew his son Pervies Jr. had been arrested in the 1980s for selling
drugs, that it had “something to do with marijuana,” but he did not know whether
the crime involved cocaine. When asked whether he knew his son had been
sentenced to prison “in order to help rehabilitate himself from [drug] addiction,”
he replied, “No, I didn‟t know he was addicted.”7 Ary admitted that a person
7
In fact, as noted, ante, in 1986 Pervies Jr. pleaded guilty in two different
cases to marijuana- and cocaine-related offenses and was placed on probation on
(footnote continued on next page)
19
could be said to have a problem with drugs “if you are selling drugs instead of
making a decent living for yourself,” but then asserted that “[t]here was a
difference between having a problem and being involved with drugs or alcohol.
You can be a drug dealer and never touch the stuff.” Although he admitted he
knew his older son smoked marijuana, he said that he “wasn‟t around him that
much to say if he did have a problem . . . .”
The referee found that, as far as Ary knew, “he was answering [question
No. 61] accurately. He did not consider himself to have ever been an alcoholic.
While he did attend AA meetings, he was required to do so as a condition of DUI
probation. As for his son‟s addiction to and commitment for drugs, he wasn‟t
aware of that until some time after [petitioner‟s] trial. At the time of this trial, he
only knew of a drug-related arrest.” Because Ary believed he had answered
question No. 61 accurately, his nondisclosures were neither “intentional” nor
“indicative of juror bias,” and he was not, as a result, actually biased against
petitioner.
Petitioner raises exceptions to these findings, arguing generally that in light
of the inconsistencies between Ary‟s testimony, his interview with the district
attorney‟s investigator, and his pretrial declaration, he was not credible and the
referee‟s findings are thus not supported by substantial evidence. After
considering these inconsistencies, however, and presumably also considering
Ary‟s demeanor while testifying, the referee found him generally credible. Under
these circumstances, we defer to the referee‟s credibility determination.
(footnote continued from previous page)
condition of 360 days in jail. Following a 1987 guilty plea to sale of marijuana,
his sentence was suspended and he was sent to the California Rehabilitation
Center in Norco for treatment of his addiction to narcotics.
20
Petitioner identifies some specific inconsistencies. For example, when
asked at the evidentiary hearing where he had obtained his knowledge about
prison life, Ary revealed for the first time that he had four nephews by marriage—
his ex-wife‟s sister‟s children—all of whom had been involved in the illegal drug
trade in Los Angeles in the 1980s and who had been sentenced to lengthy prison
sentences for drug- or homicide-related offenses. But according to Ary, he had
been in touch with only one of these nephews prior to serving as a juror in
petitioner‟s case. And although petitioner contends Ary said he learned about
prison life from his son and then inconsistently said it was from his nephews, the
record in fact shows he denied learning about prison life from his son and instead
claimed he learned about an inmate‟s life in prison from his “previous marriage
nephews,” from “street talk,” and from “listening to what other people have
experienced.”
Although petitioner contends Ary “could find no credible explanation as to
why these relatives were not revealed in the questionnaire,” Ary in fact testified
that he “wasn‟t close to them as far as being around them to just, boom,
automatically think about them.” In other words, Ary did not consider these
people to be close relatives, and it did not occur to him to mention them in the
questionnaire. Despite petitioner‟s claims, Ary‟s explanation is not necessarily
inconsistent with his ability to remember certain conversations he had had about
prison life with one of his nephews. We conclude that in light of all the evidence,
including Ary‟s demeanor while testifying, the referee reasonably credited Ary‟s
explanation for his omissions in answering question No. 61 on the jury
questionnaire. Accordingly, we reject petitioner‟s exceptions and accept the
referee‟s findings.
21
4. Ary’s Revelation of Petitioner’s Prior Homicide During Jury
Deliberations
Petitioner alleged in his habeas corpus petition that Ary committed
misconduct by informing other jurors, during jury deliberations, that petitioner had
previously committed murder, although no evidence of a prior murder had been
introduced at trial. In support of the petition, petitioner submitted a declaration in
which Ary declares: “[The jury] discussed the fact that this may have been the
first murder for which Mr. Boyette had been caught but that he may have
committed previous murders. If we found second degree murder, when he got out
in seven years he would feel like he‟d gotten away with these killings and would
kill again.” This description of the deliberations is supported by the declaration of
Juror Lewis, which states: “[Ary] told me that during the trial, another alleged
murder was mentioned but the judge told us not to consider it. I didn‟t remember
the judge telling us this, but it stuck in the back of my mind after [Ary] told me.”
Respondent conceded the following facts were disputed and should be
referred to a referee: whether Ary made such comments, whether the comments
(if made) occurred during the guilt phase or the penalty phase deliberations, and
whether any juror changed his or her vote as a result of such information. We
thereafter asked the referee to answer these questions: “Did Juror Pervies Lee Ary
assert during jury deliberations that petitioner had previously committed
uncharged murders? If so, did this occur during deliberations at the guilt phase or
the penalty phase? Did other jurors discuss this topic as well?”
At the evidentiary hearing, Ary testified that the jurors “discussed the fact
that this may have been the first murder Mr. Boyette had been caught at. I don‟t
think we discussed what he had done in the past or what he might do again.”
Moreover, Ary said, “I don‟t know if he had committed a murder prior to this or
would he kill again. I don‟t know nothing about that . . . .” Asked whether he told
22
another juror during deliberations that petitioner “may have committed . . . another
murder,” Ary replied: “It could have been brought up. I don‟t recollect at this
particular time. It could have been stated, and it could have been said that he
would kill again. I don‟t remember.” Questioned about a passage in his
declaration where he suggested the jurors had discussed whether petitioner had
previously committed murder, Ary replied: “[M]aybe I did, maybe I didn‟t.
I don‟t know.”
By contrast, Juror Lewis testified that Ary (whom she knew as the tall,
African-American bus driver) told her during the penalty phase deliberations that
petitioner had committed previous uncharged murders, saying, “ „now you
remember, he did kill somebody else.‟ ” She averred the jurors had learned of the
other crime in court but were instructed by the trial judge not to consider it. She
was not sure the crime was a prior murder; it may have involved a shooting or
merely someone getting injured. Thus, she understood Ary‟s comment as
referring to that information and not a new fact injected into the deliberations by
Ary himself.
Other persons who served on petitioner‟s jury did not recall the subject of
uncharged murders coming up during deliberations, or suggested it concerned
something they had heard in court and were instructed not to consider.
The referee accepted Ary‟s testimony and found Ary “did not assert that
[p]etitioner had previously committed uncharged murders.” Only Juror Lewis
recalled such comments, and she was uncertain whether Ary had used the word
“kill,” but in any event she took his comments to refer to a different crime
mentioned in court. Other jurors recalled they had discussed whether petitioner
would kill again in prison, and the referee specifically found “Ms. Lewis has
confused the two subjects in her memory over time.”
23
Petitioner raises exceptions to the referee‟s conclusions, but once again he
merely disagrees with the referee‟s resolution of credibility issues. For example,
he contends it is “difficult to reconcile” the referee‟s findings with Juror Lewis‟s
testimony that Ary told her during deliberations that she should remember
petitioner “ „did kill somebody else.‟ ” Petitioner also emphasizes Ary‟s
somewhat testy responses when faced with his earlier inconsistent declaration on
the subject. But other jurors did not recall the comment about a prior murder, and
Ary testified he did not remember making the comment. Weighing this evidence,
the referee reasonably found Lewis had confused two different events in her mind,
i.e., she conflated mention in court of a past crime the trial court had instructed the
jury not to consider, with deliberations on the subject of whether petitioner would
kill again if sentenced to life in prison. Under the circumstances, we reject
petitioner‟s exceptions and instead defer to the referee‟s resolution of conflicting
testimony, including his conclusion that Ary did not inject any outside information
into the jury deliberations.
5. Ary’s Encouragement That Other Jurors Watch the Movie
American Me to Learn About Life in Prison
Petitioner alleged in his habeas corpus petition that Ary had urged the other
jurors to rent and watch the movie American Me (Olmos Productions, Universal
Pictures 1992). The movie allegedly depicts the violence associated with life in a
contemporary American prison and focuses especially on Hispanic prison gangs.
Petitioner alleged Ary had argued to his fellow jurors that death was the
appropriate penalty because petitioner, who was immature and tended to follow
strong leaders, would simply join a Black prison gang (such as the Black Guerrilla
Family) and continue his murderous ways if given a life sentence, a position that
echoed the prosecutor‟s closing argument. Petitioner further alleged two jurors
24
who were holding out for a life sentence watched the film and eventually changed
their vote to impose the death penalty.
Ary‟s declaration supported petitioner‟s allegations. He declared: “I told
the holdout jurors that if they wanted to understand what it was like in prison, they
should watch the movie American Me. That is based on a true story. [¶] Two of
the jurors rented the movie and watched it over the weekend. They finally
understood that Mr. Boyette could kill again in prison if he was not sentenced to
death. After they watched the movie, they changed their votes to death.”
Respondent conceded the following facts were in dispute: “which jurors
actually watched the movie during deliberations, which jurors had already seen the
movie before the trial commenced, and whether any of them changed their
decision as a result.” We thereafter directed the referee to answer these questions:
“Did Juror Pervies Lee Ary urge other jurors, during jury deliberations, to watch
the movie American Me in order to learn about the nature of a prisoner‟s life in
prison? Did any juror actually watch the movie at any time during petitioner‟s
trial or jury deliberations?”
The evidence adduced at the evidentiary hearing confirmed many of the
allegations in the habeas corpus petition and the supporting declarations.
Although some jurors had no recollection of any discussion about watching a
movie, Ary himself testified that two female jurors “were so naive about street
life” they took the position that life in prison was an adequate punishment because
petitioner “will never hurt anyone as long as he is in the penitentiary for life.
[¶] I said you just don‟t know anything about prison life. I said you two go to
Blockbuster and get the movie „American Me.‟ Sit down and look at it. It will
explain penitentiary life to you, and you will see what a person can do while he is
in the penitentiary.” Jurors Britton, Mann, Orgain and Perez corroborated this
evidence, confirming that Ary and other jurors had urged jurors to watch the
25
movie. Although Ary testified that his advice was directed at two “naive” female
jurors, Juror McClaren recalled that the advice to watch the movie was directed at
three or four jurors who were still undecided. Juror Perez had already seen the
movie American Me before being chosen as a juror and recalled that other jurors
had too.8
Juror McClaren admitted she watched the movie American Me during a
break in jury deliberations, and Juror Rennie testified she had watched part of the
movie.
The referee concluded that “Ary, along with one or more other jurors, did
urge two holdout jurors to watch the movie American Me in order to learn more
about the nature of a prisoner‟s life in prison.” Moreover, “[t]wo jurors— . . .
McLaren [sic] and . . . Rennie—did watch the movie during the penalty phase
deliberations.” Although petitioner has filed exceptions to these findings, he
essentially accepts the referee‟s conclusions, as they are in his favor.
II. DISCUSSION
Our referee, acting as “an impartial fact finder for this court” (In re Scott
(2003) 29 Cal.4th 783, 818), has determined the facts of the case. “The referee‟s
factual findings are not binding on us, and we can depart from them upon
independent examination of the record even when the evidence is conflicting.
[Citations.] However, such findings are entitled to great weight where supported
by substantial evidence.” (In re Hamilton (1999) 20 Cal.4th 273, 296.) As
explained, we reject petitioner‟s exceptions to the referee‟s report and instead
accept the referee‟s findings—and accord them great weight—because they are
8
American Me was released in theaters in the United States on March 13,
1992. (< http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0103671/releaseinfo?ref_=tt_ql_9> (as of
May 30, 2013).) Petitioner‟s trial was held in March 1993.
26
supported by substantial evidence, primarily in the form of credibility
determinations of the witnesses. (In re Hardy, supra, 41 Cal.4th at p. 993;
Hamilton, at p. 296.) We now turn to the first three of petitioner‟s claims in our
order to show cause, which in fact comprise a single legal question: Is petitioner
entitled to relief due to a juror‟s failure to make certain disclosures on voir dire?9
A. Concealment
We addressed the question of juror concealment at length in In re Hitchings
(1993) 6 Cal.4th 97: “We begin with the general proposition that one accused of a
crime has a constitutional right to a trial by impartial jurors. (U.S. Const., 6th and
14th Amends.; Cal. Const., art. I, § 16; . . .) „ “The right to unbiased and
unprejudiced jurors is an inseparable and inalienable part of the right to trial by
jury guaranteed by the Constitution.” ‟ [Citation.]
“The impartiality of prospective jurors is explored at the preliminary
proceeding known as voir dire. „Voir dire plays a critical function in assuring the
criminal defendant that his Sixth Amendment right to an impartial jury will be
honored. Without an adequate voir dire the trial judge‟s responsibility to remove
9
The issue in this case concerns Juror Ary‟s failure to disclose information
during voir dire, not petitioner‟s right to a jury composed of 12 eligible persons.
Article VII, section 8, subdivision (b) of the California Constitution provides in
part that “[l]aws shall be made to exclude persons convicted of bribery, perjury,
forgery, malfeasance in office, or other high crimes from office or serving on
juries.” (Italics added.) The Legislature complied with this directive, enacting
Code of Civil Procedure section 203, which provides in part: “(a) All persons are
eligible and qualified to be prospective trial jurors, except the following: [¶] . . .
[¶] (5) Persons who have been convicted of malfeasance in office or a felony, and
whose civil rights have not been restored.” (Italics added.) But “[t]he Sixth
Amendment does not bar ex-felons from jury service” (Coleman v. Calderon (9th
Cir. 1998) 150 F.3d 1105, 1117), and state law (i.e., Code. Civ. Proc., § 203) did
not “create a liberty interest protected by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth
Amendment” in having a jury composed of nonfelons (Coleman, at p. 1117).
27
prospective jurors who will not be able impartially to follow the court‟s
instructions and evaluate the evidence cannot be fulfilled. [Citation.] Similarly,
lack of adequate voir dire impairs the defendant‟s right to exercise peremptory
challenges where provided by statute or rule . . . .‟ [Citation.]
“The ability of a defendant, either personally, through counsel, or by the
court, to examine the prospective jurors during voir dire is thus significant in
protecting the defendant‟s right to an impartial jury. Of course, the efficacy of
voir dire is dependent on prospective jurors answering truthfully when questioned.
As the United States Supreme Court has stated, „Voir dire examination serves to
protect [a criminal defendant‟s right to a fair trial] by exposing possible biases,
both known and unknown, on the part of potential jurors. Demonstrated bias in
the responses to questions on voir dire may result in a juror‟s being excused for
cause; hints of bias not sufficient to warrant challenge for cause may assist parties
in exercising their peremptory challenges. The necessity of truthful answers by
prospective jurors if this process is to serve its purpose is obvious.‟ [Citation.]
“A juror who conceals relevant facts or gives false answers during the voir
dire examination thus undermines the jury selection process and commits
misconduct. [Citations.]
“Without truthful answers on voir dire, the unquestioned right to challenge
a prospective juror for cause is rendered nugatory. Just as a trial court‟s improper
restriction of voir dire can undermine a party‟s ability to determine whether a
prospective juror falls within one of the statutory categories permitting a challenge
for cause [citations], a prospective juror‟s false answers on voir dire can also
prevent the parties from intelligently exercising their statutory right to challenge a
prospective juror for cause.
“Such false answers or concealment on voir dire also eviscerate a party‟s
statutory right to exercise a peremptory challenge and remove a prospective juror
28
the party believes cannot be fair and impartial. We have recognized that „the
peremptory challenge is a critical safeguard of the right to a fair trial before an
impartial jury.‟ [Citation.] As explained by the Court of Appeal, „[j]uror
concealment, regardless whether intentional, to questions bearing a substantial
likelihood of uncovering a strong potential of juror bias, undermines the
peremptory challenge process just as effectively as improper judicial restrictions
upon the exercise of voir dire by trial counsel seeking knowledge to intelligently
exercise peremptory challenges.‟ [Citations.] „The denial of the right to
reasonably exercise a peremptory challenge, be it by either the trial court or a
juror through concealing material facts, is not a mere matter of procedure, but the
deprivation of an absolute and substantial right historically designed as one of the
chief safeguards of a defendant against an unlawful conviction.‟ ” (In re
Hitchings, supra, 6 Cal.4th at pp. 110-112, fn. omitted.) We have since cited
Hitchings with approval. (In re Hamilton, supra, 20 Cal.4th at p. 295; People v.
Majors (1998) 18 Cal.4th 385, 417.)
The jury questionnaire asked Ary to disclose his own criminal history, that
of relatives and friends, and whether he or a relative had a problem with alcohol or
drugs. As is now apparent, he failed to disclose information relevant to all three of
these topics. Trial counsel declared that, had he learned of this evidence, he would
have exercised a peremptory challenge to remove Ary from the jury. Although
juror misconduct raises a presumption of prejudice (In re Hamilton, supra, 20
Cal.4th at p. 295; People v. Nesler (1997) 16 Cal.4th 561, 578), we determine
whether an individual verdict must be reversed for jury misconduct by applying a
substantial likelihood test. That is, the “presumption of prejudice is rebutted, and
the verdict will not be disturbed, if the entire record in the particular case,
including the nature of the misconduct or other event, and the surrounding
circumstances, indicates there is no reasonable probability of prejudice, i.e., no
29
substantial likelihood that one or more jurors were actually biased against the
defendant.” (Hamilton, at p. 296.) In other words, the test asks not whether the
juror would have been stricken by one of the parties, but whether the juror‟s
concealment (or nondisclosure) evidences bias.
On this record, and considering the totality of the circumstances, we
conclude Ary was not a biased juror. As the referee found, some of Ary‟s
omissions from the questionnaire were based on a dubious interpretation of the
relevant question, but his interpretation—though erroneous and unreasonable—
was sincerely held. For other omissions, Ary simply did not recall, for example, a
distant relative. We have held that “good faith when answering voir dire questions
is the most significant indicator that there was no bias” (In re Hamilton, supra, 20
Cal.4th at p. 300) and “an honest mistake on voir dire cannot disturb a judgment in
the absence of proof that the juror‟s wrong or incomplete answer hid the juror‟s
actual bias” (ibid.). Here, the referee‟s finding that Ary‟s failures to disclose were
neither intentional nor deliberate supplies sufficient support for the ultimate
conclusion that Ary was not biased against petitioner. There being “no substantial
likelihood” that Ary was “actually biased against” petitioner (id. at p. 296),
petitioner is not entitled to relief on this ground.
B. Reliance on Out-of-court Information
The final two claims both concern the jury‟s alleged use of out-of-court
information when deliberating the question of the proper penalty to impose. We
set forth the applicable law in People v. Nesler, supra, 16 Cal.4th at pages 578-
579: “ „The requirement that a jury‟s verdict “must be based upon the evidence
developed at the trial” goes to the fundamental integrity of all that is embraced in
the constitutional concept of trial by jury. . . . [¶] In the constitutional sense, trial
by jury in a criminal case necessarily implies at the very least that the “evidence
30
developed” against a defendant shall come from the witness stand in a public
courtroom where there is full judicial protection of the defendant‟s right of
confrontation, of cross-examination, and of counsel.‟ [Citation.] As the United
States Supreme Court has explained: „Due process means a jury capable and
willing to decide the case solely on the evidence before it . . . .‟ [Citations.]
“We assess the effect of out-of-court information upon the jury in the
following manner. When juror misconduct involves the receipt of information
about a party or the case from extraneous sources, the verdict will be set aside only
if there appears a substantial likelihood of juror bias. [Citation.] Such bias may
appear in either of two ways: (1) if the extraneous material, judged objectively, is
so prejudicial in and of itself that it is inherently and substantially likely to have
influenced a juror; or (2) even if the information is not „inherently‟ prejudicial, if,
from the nature of the misconduct and the surrounding circumstances, the court
determines that it is substantially likely a juror was „actually biased‟ against the
defendant. If we find a substantial likelihood that a juror was actually biased, we
must set aside the verdict, no matter how convinced we might be that an unbiased
jury would have reached the same verdict, because a biased adjudicator is one of
the few structural trial defects that compel reversal without application of a
harmless error standard.”
The first claim is that Ary committed misconduct by introducing into the
jury deliberations information that petitioner had previously committed an
uncharged murder. Whether Ary in fact did so was disputed, and after holding a
hearing on the issue, the referee concluded that “Ary did not assert that Petitioner
had previously committed uncharged murders” (italics added) and the contrary
evidence from Juror Lewis was the result of her having “confused . . . two subjects
in her memory over time.” Under the circumstances, we conclude no substantial
likelihood of bias exists. (People v. Nesler, supra, 16 Cal.4th at pp. 578-579.)
31
The second claim involved Ary‟s recommendation to the undecided jurors
that they should watch the movie American Me during a break in the penalty
phase deliberations to educate themselves about the realities of life in prison. The
habeas corpus petition frames the issue as one of juror misconduct by Ary that was
indicative of his bias.10 After considering whether Ary‟s encouraging other jurors
to watch a movie—standing alone—could be considered prejudicial misconduct
had no juror complied with his suggestion, and considering the facts, as alleged,
that Juror Rennie and possibly one other juror in fact watched the movie, our order
to show cause focused not on Ary‟s actions but on the jurors who watched the
movie. Thus, our order stated in pertinent part: “The Director of Corrections is
ordered to show cause before this court . . . why the relief prayed for should not be
granted on the grounds that: . . . Juror . . . Rennie and one other juror, at the
urging of Juror Ary, during the pendency of the jury deliberations, rented and
watched a videotape of the movie American Me in order to gather background
information for the trial.” Our order to the referee was similarly focused.
As noted, the facts adduced at the evidentiary hearing generally supported
petitioner‟s allegations: the referee found that “Ary, along with one or more other
jurors,” urged other jurors to watch American Me, and that Jurors McClaren and
Rennie in fact watched the movie during the penalty phase deliberations. In doing
so, these two jurors committed misconduct.
The trial court instructed the jury at the penalty phase with CALJIC No.
1.03, as follows: “You must decide all questions of fact in this case from the
10
At least one other juror probably encouraged other jurors to watch the
movie as well. Juror Perez testified at the evidentiary hearing that she had seen
the movie American Me before being chosen as a juror in petitioner‟s trial, and
that “knowing my personality, I believe I may have” encouraged other jurors to
watch it.
32
evidence received in this trial and not from any other source. You must not make
any independent investigation of the facts or the law or consider or discuss facts as
to which there is no evidence. [¶] This means for example, that you must not on
your own visit the scene, conduct experiments, or consult reference works or
persons for additional information.” (Italics added.) Although merely to have
watched a television show or movie that involved a topic or theme relevant to the
subject of a trial is not necessarily misconduct for a sitting juror (People v. Melton
(1988) 44 Cal.3d 713, 749 [jurors in a capital case may have watched a television
broadcast of The Executioner‟s Song]; Elsworth v. Beech Aircraft Corp. (1984)
37 Cal.3d 540, 556 [jurors in a wrongful death trial involving a light airplane crash
watched a 60 Minutes television broadcast criticizing the safety record of such
aircraft]), to “deliberately set out to discover information regarding the issues at
the trial” (Elsworth, at p. 557) is a different matter. That a juror would watch a
movie referred to by other jurors so as to know “what they were talking about”
may be natural, but it is clear misconduct in disregard of the court‟s instructions
not to consider any evidence outside that presented in court. As such, it raises a
presumption of prejudice “[which] the prosecution must rebut . . . by
demonstrating „there is no substantial likelihood that any juror was improperly
influenced to the defendant‟s detriment.‟ ” (People v. Gamache (2010) 48 Cal.4th
347, 397.)
In light of the referee‟s factual findings, respondent concedes the jurors
who watched the movie committed misconduct, but argues no prejudice resulted.
Did watching American Me and considering the information about prison life
contained in the movie establish “a substantial likelihood of juror bias”? (People
v. Nesler, supra, 16 Cal.4th at p. 578.) As we explain, we conclude in the
negative.
33
At the outset, we find the information Jurors Rennie and McClaren may
have acquired from outside the record (i.e., the contents of the movie American
Me) is not the sort of evidence falling within Nesler‟s first category, i.e., evidence
that, “judged objectively, is so prejudicial in and of itself that it is inherently and
substantially likely to have influenced a juror.” (People v. Nesler, supra, 16
Cal.4th at pp. 578-579, italics added.) The information, for example, was not of a
suppressed confession or evidence of other crimes that the trial court had excluded
as too prejudicial. (See, e.g., People v. Holloway (1990) 50 Cal.3d 1098, 1110
[“The content of the article was extremely prejudicial; it revealed information
about defendant‟s prior criminal conduct that the court had ruled inadmissible
because of its potential for prejudice.”]; People v. Andrews (1983) 149 Cal.App.3d
358 [presumption of prejudice was not rebutted where the jury was inadvertently
informed that a codefendant had pleaded guilty to charges stemming from the
same crime].) It was not akin to a bell that could not be unrung.
Here, the movie Jurors McClaren and Rennie watched was one that two
other jurors (Ary, Perez), and possibly more, had already seen within the last year.
The most that can be said, therefore, is that McClaren and Rennie may have
learned some general information about prison life that some of the other jurors
already knew—and referenced during deliberations—from having seen the movie
themselves before the trial. (See People v. Yeoman (2003) 31 Cal.4th 93, 162
[“ „[j]urors cannot be expected to shed their backgrounds and experiences at the
door of the deliberation room.‟ ”].) Indeed, had those other jurors simply told
Jurors McClaren and Rennie what they had learned from American Me and not
suggested the two watch the movie, no issue of misconduct or prejudice would
have arisen. The movie, and the information contained therein, was thus not
inherently prejudicial within the meaning of Nesler‟s first category. (People v.
Nesler, supra, 16 Cal.4th at pp. 578-579.)
34
Turning to Nesler‟s second category, reversal would be required if the
record shows that “from the nature of the misconduct and the surrounding
circumstances, . . . it is substantially likely a juror was „actually biased‟ against”
petitioner. (People v. Nesler, supra, 16 Cal.4th at p. 579.) In other words, did the
jurors here improperly acquire information that, under the circumstances of this
particular case, rendered them biased against petitioner? As we explain, a
consideration of the testimony of jurors at the reference hearing and reasonable
inferences therefrom persuade us that no substantial likelihood of bias arose and
that any presumption of prejudice is rebutted by the record.
The movie the jurors watched, American Me, had been the subject of
discussion during penalty phase deliberations in connection with the point asserted
by jurors favoring the death penalty that an incarcerated prisoner could still
commit crimes. Although some of the jurors, including Ary, had seen the film
before trial, some of the undecided jurors had not; Ary urged them to do so,
maintaining it would illustrate the point that an incarcerated defendant could still
commit crimes. Two of the undecided jurors, McClaren and Rennie, each rented
the movie; McClaren watched the entire film, Rennie watched only part of it. The
following morning the jurors resumed deliberations. Within 30 minutes, the jury
foreperson informed the trial court the jury had reached a verdict.
Evidence of a juror‟s mental process—how the juror reached a particular
verdict, the effect of evidence or argument on the juror‟s decisionmaking—is
inadmissible. (Evid. Code, § 1150, subd. (a).) Hence, in determining whether
there is a substantial likelihood the jurors‟ misconduct caused them to become
biased against petitioner, we look to what the jurors said about their viewing of the
film, and what discussion of the film, if any, took place when the jury resumed
deliberations the following morning.
35
Ary testified that upon resuming their deliberations “something” was said
about the movie, but the jurors did not specifically discuss it, suggesting the movie
was not a significant, if any, part of the deliberations. Juror Salcedo corroborated
this version of events, testifying that upon resumption of deliberations after the
weekend, she “wasn‟t aware of anyone that watched the movie,” suggesting there
was no discussion about it.
Juror McClaren, who admitted to having watched the movie, explained that
she was not in a “camp” holding out for a life sentence, but simply “needed more
information. I needed more time to make a decision.” When asked about her
recollection of American Me, she did not say that it opened her eyes about life in
prison, that she had learned about prison gangs or the Black Guerilla Family or
violence in prison, or that it showed how life prisoners could kill within the prison
walls. Instead, she replied simply “that it‟s a prison movie, and it talked about
how they contact the people on the outside and could—I don‟t know. I don‟t
recall a lot of that now either.” Although the referee directed McClaren to
describe the movie in six words or less, her limited response does not appear to
have been a result of that directive; rather, she stated that “I don‟t recall a lot”
about the movie. Her testimony suggests the movie did not make a strong
impression on her, as one would expect had it motivated her vote.11
Similarly, Juror Rennie testified that she watched part of American Me,
“[m]aybe 45 minutes.” Describing her recollection of the movie, she said “it was
11
Although the concurring and dissenting opinion suggests that Juror
McClaren‟s failure to recall details of the movie “proves little” because the
hearing was held 17 years after the penalty phase deliberations (conc. & dis. opn.,
post, at p. 7), the juror‟s recall seemed no sharper when she mentioned the incident
in her 1999 declaration, just six years after the trial. Juror Rennie executed her
declaration in 2000 and likewise provided only the barest of details when asked to
recall the movie.
36
rather repetitious. I kind of just wanted to get an idea on what people had been
talking about.” Upon resuming deliberations the next day, she “eventually” voted
for death, although she suggested her change of heart did not happen right away,
noting that she changed her vote “at some point.” Rennie recalled that “several
people voiced concern” that petitioner might kill again if given a life sentence, but
she did not remember any discussion about the movie when deliberations resumed,
saying that “no one asked anyone if they watched the movie or not, or—and we
didn‟t bring up the subject, and it was just, you know, then continuing on.” Like
McClaren‟s testimony, Rennie‟s testimony suggests the movie‟s content or
message was of little importance to her.
Juror Lewis, who denied watching the movie, had initially been in favor of
a life sentence but eventually changed her vote. She testified that the life-leaning
(or undecided) jurors did not change their minds and vote for death all at once, but
did so “[o]ne by one,” thus suggesting the persuasive effect of watching American
Me was minimal.
That Jurors McClaren and Rennie watched some or all of the movie during
deliberations suggests they were thinking about the issue they faced and the
arguments their fellow jurors had made, but does not in these circumstances
establish a causal relationship between the movie and the verdict. Rather, from
the foregoing testimony we can infer the movie had no significant impact on either
juror. Had it been significant, we could reasonably presume one or both, having
been urged to watch it or having been persuaded by it, would have mentioned that
fact to the others who had seen the film when they cast their vote for the death
penalty. Neither did. And their testimony at the reference hearing confirmed the
film did not have a transformative effect on their decision. Juror Lewis, who had
also been undecided about the appropriate penalty but did not watch the film,
similarly reached a conclusion favoring death upon resumed deliberations the next
37
morning. The evidence, therefore, simply illustrates the unremarkable fact that
reflection on the facts of the case and the arguments of fellow jurors, together with
the passage of time, will prompt a decision.
The film, significantly, imparted to Jurors McClaren and Rennie no new
information about prison life not already possessed by the other jurors who had
previously seen the film, information those jurors had already conveyed to
McClaren and Rennie during deliberations. In short, McClaren and Rennie
learned nothing in viewing the film they had not already been told; they merely
acquired information the other jurors already had. That they sought out the film
does not transform evidence of negligible impact into evidence showing
substantial bias.
The sequence of events is the one circumstance suggesting a substantial
likelihood of bias, but in the circumstances here it is not determinative. According
to testimony at the evidentiary hearing, during the first full day of deliberations
nine jurors concluded death was the appropriate penalty, while at least three jurors
(McClaren, Rennie and Lewis) did not decide in favor of death until the next
morning.12 The two jurors (McClaren and Rennie) who watched the movie
proclaimed they had been merely undecided rather than “life-leaning.” According
to Juror McClaren, she “wasn‟t not in the camp” voting for the death penalty
(italics added); she simply had not yet made up her mind. Juror Rennie testified
that there was some division about the appropriate penalty and she remembered
saying that “it‟s harder for me . . . to come to a conclusion about a sentence,” but
she did not identify herself as favoring a life sentence. Juror Lewis, who did not
12
Ary testified at the evidentiary hearing that the vote on the first day of
deliberations was 10 to two in favor of the death penalty, but in fact three jurors
testified they had been undecided until the next day.
38
view the movie, testified that she had been voting against the death penalty but
changed her vote at the end. These facts suggest the case was not a difficult one in
which to conclude the death penalty was appropriate, and that Jurors McClaren
and Rennie (as well as Lewis) were simply undecided for a little longer than their
fellow jurors. Although one might speculate from the bare sequence of events that
watching the movie convinced McClaren and Rennie to vote for the death penalty,
their testimony suggests otherwise. That Juror Lewis, who initially leaned toward
a life sentence and did not watch the movie, also changed her position within a
half-hour of resumed deliberations highlights the speculative nature of inferring
bias solely from the timeline of events.
We are similarly unpersuaded by petitioner‟s further contention that the
movie‟s content or message was particularly prejudicial because it dovetailed with
the prosecution‟s argument regarding petitioner‟s potential future dangerousness,
i.e., that petitioner would kill again in prison if given a life term. Some
background is necessary to understand this claim: In presenting his case in
mitigation at the penalty phase, petitioner called an expert witness who testified
that petitioner suffered from a dependent personality disorder and that he was
easily led by persons with stronger, more assertive personalities. This evidence
suggested petitioner‟s crimes—killing Carter and Devallier—were less morally
culpable because petitioner was under the sway of Johnson, a drug dealer. When
making her closing argument at the penalty phase, the prosecutor attempted to
blunt this evidence by suggesting that petitioner, if sentenced to a life term, might
simply fall under the influence of another strong personality, join a gang in prison,
resume his role as an enforcer, and kill again. The prosecutor‟s argument
specifically referenced the Black Guerilla Family prison gang. Petitioner contends
the message of the film American Me lent support to the prosecutor‟s argument
because “[o]ne of the central points of the film maker in American Me is that a
39
weak, easily led person who goes into prison will, whether he wants to or not, be
forced to become part of a gang and do the gang[‟s] bidding which includes
murder. Moreover, the film depicts itself as being „a true story‟ and includes as
one of the two primary prison gangs depicted, the Black Guerilla Family—the
same prison gang named by the prosecutor.”
Although the movie may have been consistent with the prosecutor‟s
argument that someone like petitioner could continue his violent life of crime in
prison, the record shows the movie did not introduce any new facts or ideas into
the jury room. A number of jurors had seen the movie before the trial and had
argued at length during deliberations that petitioner would join a gang in prison
and continue to commit crimes. That the information contained in the movie was
already before the jury diminishes the potential prejudicial impact of the
misconduct despite its consistency with the prosecutor‟s closing argument.
The “nature of the misconduct and the surrounding circumstances” (People
v. Nesler, supra, 16 Cal.4th at p. 579) thus fails to suggest the movie was an
important factor in convincing Jurors McClaren and Rennie to change their minds
and vote to impose the death penalty. On this record, we conclude petitioner has
not demonstrated a “substantial likelihood that one or more jurors were actually
biased” against petitioner. (In re Hamilton, supra, 20 Cal.4th at p. 296.) This
“standard is a pragmatic one, mindful of the „day-to-day realities of courtroom
life‟ [citation] and of society‟s strong competing interest in the stability of criminal
verdicts [citations]. It is „virtually impossible to shield jurors from every contact
or influence that might theoretically affect their vote.‟ [Citation.] Moreover, the
jury is a „fundamentally human‟ institution; the unavoidable fact that jurors bring
diverse backgrounds, philosophies, and personalities into the jury room is both the
strength and the weakness of the institution. [Citation.] „[T]he criminal justice
system must not be rendered impotent in quest of an ever-elusive perfection. . . .
40
[Jurors] are imbued with human frailties as well as virtues. If the system is to
function at all, we must tolerate a certain amount of imperfection short of actual
bias.‟ ” (Ibid.)
Finally, we reject petitioner‟s contention that the cumulative impact of
Ary‟s multiple failures to disclose information on voir dire, coupled with Jurors
McClaren and Rennie having watched the movie American Me, violated his right
under the state and federal Constitutions to a trial by impartial jurors. Having
concluded Ary‟s omissions did not demonstrate bias, and having found the record
rebuts the presumption of prejudice that arose from McClaren‟s and Rennie‟s
misconduct, the cumulative impact of these events does not convince us
petitioner‟s jury lacked impartiality.
III. CONCLUSION
Because our order to show cause and reference order were limited to the
jury misconduct claims, we do not here address any other claim set forth in the
petition for writ of habeas corpus, which will be resolved by a separately filed
order.
The order to show cause is discharged.
WERDEGAR, J.
WE CONCUR:
CANTIL-SAKAUYE, C. J.
KENNARD, J.
BAXTER, J.
CHIN, J.
41
CONCURRING AND DISSENTING OPINION BY CORRIGAN, J.
The movie American Me1 stars Edward James Olmos as a young man who
is incarcerated and joins a prison gang, which he leads in a violent struggle over
drug turf. It is a raw, violent depiction of the American prison system, with
multiple scenes of stabbing and sexual assault.
It is this movie that two undecided jurors watched during a break in
deliberations, at the urging of the jury foreman and other jurors voting for the
death penalty. There is no dispute that these two jurors committed misconduct by
actively seeking out information not presented at trial. There is no dispute that the
jury did not reach a verdict after a full day of deliberations. The next day, after
these two jurors watched the film, the jury deliberated for only 30 minutes before
returning a death verdict. In light of this chronology, I disagree with the
majority‟s conclusion that the presumption of prejudice arising from the jurors‟
misconduct has been rebutted. The record as a whole demonstrates a substantial
likelihood these two jurors were actually biased in that they were influenced to
impose the death penalty based on external information they intentionally acquired
in violation of their oath.
1
Olmos Productions, Universal Pictures 1992.
1
The misconduct must be considered in context. The prosecutor argued
against life without the possibility of parole because defendant could join a prison
gang and kill again while incarcerated. In urging undecided Jurors McClaren and
Rennie to watch American Me, Foreman Ary took up the prosecutor‟s theme. He
explained at the evidentiary hearing: “The two jurors, which [were] the two young
ladies, they were so naive about street life until they were so determined that he
couldn‟t harm no one while he was in prison for the rest of his life, and we
discussed this, we deliberated and discussed it . . . . We have to do something
about this because it‟s been deliberated too long, so I asked these two young
ladies, . . . but these two said he will never hurt anyone as long as he is in the
penitentiary for life. [¶] I said you just don‟t know anything about prison life. I
said you two go to Blockbuster and get the movie „American Me.‟ Sit down and
look at it. It will explain penitentiary life to you, and you will see what a person
can do while he is in the penitentiary.” Ary told them the movie was based on a
true story.
“When juror misconduct involves the receipt of information about a party
or the case from extraneous sources, the verdict will be set aside only if there
appears a substantial likelihood of juror bias. [Citation.] Such bias may appear in
either of two ways: (1) if the extraneous material, judged objectively, is so
prejudicial in and of itself that it is inherently and substantially likely to have
influenced a juror; or (2) even if the information is not „inherently‟ prejudicial, if,
from the nature of the misconduct and the surrounding circumstances, the court
determines that it is substantially likely a juror was „actually biased‟ against the
defendant. If we find a substantial likelihood that a juror was actually biased, we
must set aside the verdict, no matter how convinced we might be that an unbiased
jury would have reached the same verdict, because a biased adjudicator is one of
the few structural trial defects that compel reversal without application of a
2
harmless error standard.” (People v. Nesler (1997) 16 Cal.4th 561, 578-579
(Nesler); In re Carpenter (1995) 9 Cal.4th 634, 653.)
“Actual bias” in this context does not mean that a juror must dislike the
defendant or harbor a desire to treat him unfairly. Rather, “[t]he Sixth
Amendment right to an impartial jury and the due process right to a fundamentally
fair trial guarantee to criminal defendants a trial in which jurors set aside
preconceptions, disregard extrajudicial influences, and decide guilt or innocence
„based on the evidence presented in court.‟ [Citations.]” (Skilling v. United States
(2010) 561 U.S. __ [130 S.Ct. 2896, 2948]; see Irvin v. Dowd (1961) 366 U.S.
717, 723; People v. Leonard (2007) 40 Cal.4th 1370, 1414.) “An impartial juror is
someone „capable and willing to decide the case solely on the evidence‟ presented
at trial,” and “[t]he term „actual bias‟ may include a state of mind resulting from a
juror‟s actually being influenced by extraneous information about a party.”
(Nesler, supra, 16 Cal.4th at p. 581.) “Juror misconduct involving the receipt of
extraneous information about a party or the case that was not part of the evidence
received at trial creates a presumption that the defendant was prejudiced by the
evidence and may establish juror bias.” (People v. Ramos (2004) 34 Cal.4th 494,
519.)
As the majority acknowledges, Jurors McClaren and Rennie committed
“clear misconduct” (maj. opn., ante, at p. 33) that raised a presumption of
prejudice. Even assuming the movie did not fall within the category of inherently
prejudicial material, the present record fails to rebut the presumption of bias.
Indeed, the record shows a substantial likelihood that these two jurors were
actually biased against defendant in that they relied on the extraneous material to
his detriment.
The timeline of deliberations provides strong evidence of the movie‟s
influence on these two jurors. The jury began penalty phase deliberations on
3
Tuesday, March 23, 19932 at 2:51 p.m. and adjourned nine minutes later at 3:00
p.m. The jury deliberated all day on Wednesday. They resumed deliberations on
Thursday at 9:40 a.m. and returned with a death verdict at 10:10 a.m., 30 minutes
later.
After a full day of deliberations, McClaren and Rennie remained
undecided. That evening, both jurors independently obtained the movie and
watched at least part of it. The next day, with little or no discussion of the film,
the jury rendered a death verdict within 30 minutes. Given the brevity of
deliberations on Thursday, the most reasonable inference is that the movie
influenced McClaren and Rennie to vote for death. Indeed, McClaren testified
that she was not a “holdout” juror but “simply needed more information” before
rendering a verdict. The only “information” she obtained between deliberations
on Wednesday and Thursday was the movie. “The foregoing evidence
demonstrates that [their] misconduct was substantially related to important matters
raised during trial.” (Nesler, supra, 16 Cal.4th at p. 585.)
Eight of the nine penalty phase jurors who testified at the evidentiary
hearing confirmed that the jury discussed the movie during deliberations.
Foreman Ary encouraged these “naive” jurors to watch the film because
deliberations had gone on “too long.” Juror Britton confirmed this account. Juror
Perez likewise remembered that two undecided jurors had been encouraged to
watch the movie. McClaren herself admitted she was encouraged to watch the
movie to see “what life would be like in prison.” Based upon the timeline of
deliberations, there is little doubt that these events occurred on the only full day of
deliberations, Wednesday, March 24. The majority does not suggest otherwise.
2
Subsequent date references will be to the year 1993.
4
McClaren testified that she voted for death after seeing the movie. Britton and
Perez confirmed that the vote had been 10 to two in favor of the death penalty
before McClaren and Rennie saw the film and the vote was unanimous for death
thereafter. Ary testified the two jurors voted for death “right after they saw the
movie.” Rennie testified there was no further discussion of the movie after she
had viewed it.
It should be remembered that American Me was hardly an evenhanded
documentary about prison life. Its central theme was that prison is a breeding
ground for criminal activity. The pro-death jurors here urged watching the film
precisely because it made their point, that convicts can continue to kill and commit
other crimes while incarcerated. If McClaren and Rennie accepted the film as
accurate, their viewing could only have been detrimental to the defense case.
The majority suggests that the timeline did not “establish a causal
relationship between the movie and the verdict.” (Maj. opn., ante, at p. 37.)
Noting that Juror Lewis, who did not watch the movie, had also been undecided
but eventually voted for death, the majority asserts that “[t]he evidence, therefore,
simply illustrates the unremarkable fact that reflection on the facts of the case and
the arguments of fellow jurors, together with the passage of time, will prompt a
decision.” (Ibid.) That fact is unremarkable, but we cannot say that is what
happened for McClaren and Rennie. The assertion also fails to take into account
the relevant standard. McClaren and Rennie‟s conduct raises a presumption of
prejudice. “The rationale for the presumption is venerable. „A juror is not
allowed to say: “I acknowledge to grave misconduct. I received evidence without
the presence of the court, but those matters had no influence upon my mind when
casting my vote in the jury-room.” The law, in its wisdom, does not allow a juror
to purge himself in that way.‟ [Citations.] When a person violates his oath as a
juror, doubt is cast on that person‟s ability to otherwise perform his duties.
5
[Citation.] The presumption of prejudice is appropriate in those situations.”
(People v. Cooper (1991) 53 Cal.3d 771, 835-836.)
This court cannot do for a juror what she cannot do for herself: simply
disavow the misconduct. In “reflect[ing] on the facts of the case and the
arguments of fellow jurors” (maj. opn., ante, at p. 38), there is no dispute that
McClaren and Rennie watched a movie about prison gangs. The primary theme of
the film is that prison is a breeding ground for criminal activity. After remaining
undecided for a full day of deliberations, these two jurors returned the following
day and voted for death within 30 minutes. That Juror Lewis, a juror who did not
commit misconduct, also voted for death after initial indecision is beside the point.
Might McClaren and Rennie have rendered the same verdict had they not seen the
movie? Did these jurors actually rely solely upon evidence admitted at trial? We
can but speculate. Yet speculation cannot rebut the presumption of prejudice that
their misconduct raised.
The majority also suggests that the movie might not have affected the two
undecided jurors because it introduced “no new information about prison life not
already possessed by the other jurors who had previously seen the film,
information those jurors had already conveyed to McClaren and Rennie during
deliberations.” (Maj. opn., ante, at p. 38.) Far from rebutting the presumption of
prejudice, these facts support it. The accounts of Foreman Ary and Juror Britton
confirm that, even though the film‟s concepts were discussed at length, Jurors
McClaren and Rennie remained unpersuaded. Mere verbal descriptions of the
movie and the prosecutor‟s argument failed to persuade these jurors to vote for
death. This explains why Ary, in order to break the deadlock, suggested the
undecided jurors watch the movie, and why he emphasized it was based upon a
true story. The film would graphically illustrate the point the pro-death jurors had
failed to convey through mere words.
6
Moreover, the active nature of the jurors‟ misconduct provides insight into
the film‟s potential influence on them. Jurors McClaren and Rennie each went to
Blockbuster, rented the film, and watched it. That they devoted such time to
acquiring this extraneous information reflects that they believed it was important
to consider in deciding upon a penalty. The jury‟s speedy verdict after the film
was viewed bolsters the conclusion that the film likely influenced the outcome.
The majority reasons the movie could not have had much impact on Jurors
McClaren and Rennie because they did not recall the movie in detail at the
evidentiary hearing. With respect to McClaren, the majority states: “When asked
about her recollection of American Me, she did not say that it opened her eyes
about life in prison, that she had learned about prison gangs or the Black Guerilla
Family or violence in prison, or that it showed how life prisoners could kill within
the prison walls.” (Maj. opn., ante, at p. 36.) Of course, McClaren would have
been barred from providing much of this testimony by Evidence Code section
1150, subdivision (a), which prevents jurors from testifying about what influenced
them “to assent to or dissent from the verdict or concerning the mental processes
by which it was determined.” Thus, McClaren and Rennie could not have testified
about the effect the movie had upon them. Indeed, the magistrate below sustained
several objections on this ground when other jurors tried to testify regarding the
movie‟s effects.
With respect to McClaren‟s alleged failure of recall, the evidentiary hearing
was held in 2010, 17 years after deliberations. That McClaren could not recall, at
this great remove, all the film‟s details proves little.3 Indeed, McClaren could not
3
The majority suggests that McClaren and Rennie‟s recall of the film was
“no sharper” in their written declarations, executed in 1999 and 2000, respectively.
(Maj. opn., ante, at p. 36, fn. 11.) However, McClaren simply declared that “[t]he
(footnote continued on next page)
7
even give a general physical description of Foreman Ary, nor could she recall the
duration of deliberations. The following facts are to the point. McClaren recalled
she was urged to see the movie to learn more about “what life would be like in
prison,” and she voted for death the day after watching it. At least two other jurors
confirmed this timeline. With respect to Rennie, the majority makes much of the
circumstance that she did not watch the entire movie, testifying at the evidentiary
hearing that she thought the movie was “rather repetitious”4 and she watched the
movie because she wanted “to get an idea on what people had been talking
about . . . being in prison.” Far from suggesting that the movie had little impact,
Rennie said she stopped watching the movie because she “had seen enough.” She
understood the point of the movie, and “what people had been talking about” when
they argued that inmates can continue to commit violent crimes in prison. The
fact that the next day, within half an hour, Rennie voted for death bolsters the
conclusion that there was a substantial likelihood the movie removed any
remaining reservations.
(footnote continued from previous page)
movie American Me was also mentioned during penalty deliberations” and did not
purport to describe the movie. Rennie declared that she was “not initially in favor
of voting for the death penalty.” Ary, whom she remembered as “the bus driver,”
suggested that she watch American Me and that “it would be an education for
[her] about what prisons were really like.” She further declared: “I rented the
movie one night during the deliberations. American Me is about gangs in
California prisons and it was based on a true story.” Far from suggesting a failure
of recall, Rennie remembered the essential facts: She did not initially vote for
death, she watched American Me at Ary‟s urging to “educat[e]” herself “about
what prisons were really like,” and the film was about prison gangs and was based
upon a true story. There was no reason in the context of this declaration to give a
more detailed account of the film.
4
Our own viewing confirms this description.
8
The majority also suggests the movie did not affect deliberations because
there was no discussion of it after McClaren and Rennie watched it. Again, the
majority fails to persuasively explain how this circumstance rebuts the
presumption of prejudice. If McClaren and Rennie watched the movie and
accepted its premise, there would be no need for extensive discussion with 10
other jurors who already agreed. Indeed, the record confirms there was little
discussion about any topic on the day of the verdict given the 30-minute time
frame. Although the majority suggests that neither McClaren nor Rennie
mentioned they had seen the movie once deliberations resumed (maj. opn., ante, at
p. 37), this suggestion is at odds with Ary‟s testimony that one or both of them
mentioned the film. The magistrate sustained a hearsay objection to any further
elaboration on the point. In any event, Ary was well-aware that McClaren and
Rennie had seen the movie, suggesting the topic was at least mentioned. The
brevity of subsequent deliberations strongly suggests the movie played a part in
the two jurors‟ decisionmaking.
Finally, the majority relies upon the testimony of Jurors Lewis and Rennie
suggesting the undecided jurors did not change their votes in unison. When asked
whether the undecided jurors changed their minds “one by one, or all together,”
Lewis replied, “One by one.” Rennie initially claimed that, after watching the
movie, she did not vote for death “the next day” but she “eventually did.” She
later conceded she did not remember whether more than a day had passed between
her seeing the movie and voting for death. Their testimony hardly calls into
question the film‟s likely impact. The question is not whether McClaren and
Rennie changed their minds at the same time, but whether there was a substantial
likelihood that they did so because they were improperly influenced.
In sum, Jurors McClaren and Rennie committed misconduct. At the urging
of other jurors, they watched a movie about prison gangs, for the express purpose
9
of acquiring information to use in reaching a penalty verdict. This misconduct
raises a presumption of prejudice against defendant. The totality of the
circumstances “evidence[s] a state of mind that rendered [McClaren and Rennie]
unable to perform [their] duty not to prejudge the case and to render a decision
based solely upon the evidence presented to the jury.” (Nesler, supra, 16 Cal.4th
at p. 589.) Far from rebutting the presumption, the record reveals a substantial
likelihood that they were actually biased. Because this bias affected only the
penalty phase, I would reverse the death verdict and remand for a new penalty
phase trial.
CORRIGAN, J.
I CONCUR:
LIU, J.
10
See next page for addresses and telephone numbers for counsel who argued in Supreme Court.
Name of Opinion In re Boyette
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Unpublished Opinion
Original Appeal
Original Proceeding XXX
Review Granted
Rehearing Granted
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Opinion No. S092356
Date Filed: May 30, 2013
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Court:
County:
Judge:
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Counsel:
Lynne S. Coffin, under appointment by the Supreme Court, Lynne S. Coffin, State Public Defender,
Audrey Chavez and Gail Johnson, Deputy State Public Defenders, for Petitioner Maurice Boyette.
Bill Lockyer, Edmund G. Brown, Jr., and Kamala D. Harris, Attorneys General, Robert R. Anderson and
Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorneys General, Ronald A. Bass and Gerald A. Engler, Assistant
Attorneys General, Ronald S. Matthias, Glenn R. Pruden and Christina Vom Saal, Deputy Attorneys
General, for Respondent State of California.
Counsel who argued in Supreme Court (not intended for publication with opinion):
Lynne Coffin
Coffin Law Group
548 Market Street, Suite 95752
San Francisco, CA 94104
(415) 218-8106
Christina Vom Saal
Deputy Attorney General
455 Golden Gate Avenue, Suite 11000
San Francisco, CA 94102-3664
(415) 703-5979
In this case, which is related to the automatic appeal in People v. Boyette (2002) 29 Cal.4th 381, the court issued an order to show cause limited to claims of juror misconduct.
Opinion Information
| Date: | Citation: | Docket Number: | Cross Referenced Cases: |
| Thu, 05/30/2013 | 56 Cal.4th 866 | S092356 | People v. Duvall 9 Cal.4th 464 (1995) |
| Opinion Authors | |
| Opinion | Justice Kathryn M. Werdegar |
| Concur | Justice Carol A. Corrigan |
| Dissent | Justice Carol A. Corrigan |
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| Jun 4, 2014 Annotated by Rachel Easter | FACTS PROCEDURAL HISTORY ISSUES 2. Was there sufficient evidence to supporting finding that the juror’s failure to disclose that he had close relatives with a criminal history was not indicative of bias in his jury duties? 3. Was there sufficient evidence to support finding that the juror’s failure to disclose membership in Alcoholics Anonymous or relatives’ substance abuse was not indicative of bias in his jury duties? 4. Was there sufficient evidence to support finding that the juror did not commit misconduct by informing other jurors that defendant may previously have committed murder? 5. Did the misconduct of two jurors in watching a movie which depicted violent prison life establish a likelihood of bias? 6. Did the cumulative impact of these failures to disclose and juror misconduct violate petitioner’s right to trial by an impartial jury? HOLDING ANALYSIS 2. On the jury questionnaire Ary answered “no” to the question “have you, a close friend, or relative every been accused of a crime?” (emphasis added). In fact, Ary’s two sons as well as two other relatives had significant criminal histories. Petitioner alleged he would have used a peremptory challenge to strike Ary from the jury had he known these facts. The referee found that Ary’s answer resulted in part from a lack of knowledge and in part from a failure of recollection when answering the question. Referee concluded that because the failure to disclose was unintentional it was not indicative of bias. Petitioner cited to a Ninth Circuit case asserting that the judge must uncover easily discernible facts rather than rest on assumptions in determining juror bias. In that case the state court failed to conduct a reasonably thorough investigation; however, the Court distinguished the present case because a thorough investigation was conducted by the referee. Because there was no suggestion the referee’s investigation was inadequate, the Court was not required to independently engage in fact-finding.; therefore, the Court deferred to the referee in finding Ary’s failure to disclose the criminal history of close relatives did not indicate juror bias. 3. On the jury questionnaire, Ary answered “no” to the question “have you, a close friend, or relative ever had a problem involving the use of drugs or alcohol?”. In fact, Ary was arrested previously for a DUI and required to attend Alcoholics Anonymous, and Ary’s son was sentenced previously for drug use and addiction. The referee found that Ary’s failure to disclose this information was unintentional because Ary did not consider himself to have a problem with alcohol; instead, his assignment to Alcoholics Anonymous was a condition of his probation after the DUI. In addition, Ary did not know about his son’s sentence. Petitioner alleged that Ary’s inconsistent story indicated that the referee was incorrect in finding that Ary’s failure to disclose did not indicate bias. However here, as in the previous two counts, the Court assumed the referee considered these inconsistencies and deferred to the referee’s determination. 4. Petitioner alleged that during deliberations Ary told the other jurors “the judge discussed the fact that this may have been the first murder for which Mr. Boyette had been caught but that he may have committed pervious murders. If we found second degree murder, when he got out in seven years he would feel like he’d gotten away with these killings and would kill again.” After questioning the other members of the jury, the referee concluded there was not enough evidence to support this assertion. Ary testified that he did not make these remarks, and only one other juror remembered the subject of previous murders by petitioner being raised during deliberations. Because all other jurors did not recall Ary making these statements, the Court deferred to the referee’s decision that these events did not occur and therefore there was no juror bias on this count. 5. Petitioner alleged Ary committed juror misconduct by encouraging other jurors to watch the film American Me in order to convince these jurors to vote in favor of the death penalty. The referee found there was sufficient evidence to indicate that Ary did in fact encourage several jurors to watch the film in order to understand what life is like in prison and to inform the decision at the sentencing phase of trial. The trial court instructed the jury to make a determination based only on evidence received at trial not from any other source and not to consult reference works or persons for additional information. The decision by two of the jurors to follow Ary’s advice and watch the film while deliberations were on-going was clear misconduct. When a juror engages in misconduct there is a presumption of prejudice which the prosecution must rebut by demonstrating there is no substantial likelihood that any juror was improperly influenced. There are two categories of information received by jurors outside of the record of the case that indicate bias and require reversal of the decision: (1) evidence that is so prejudicial in and of itself that it is substantially likely to have influenced a juror and (2) information that indicates bias from the nature of the misconduct and the surrounding circumstances. Because American Me is a fictional film purporting to depict prison life, the Court found it clearly did not fall within the first category, so it was necessary to determine if under the circumstances of the particular case the film biased the two jurors that committed misconduct. Neither juror could recall the film in any detail and neither indicated in her testimony that the film influenced her decision regarding petitioner’s sentence. In addition, the morning after both jurors viewed the film the jury came to a decision regarding petitioner but the film was not discussed. The Court found that had the film had such an impact on either juror as to influence her decision it would have been raised in the final phase of deliberations and she would have remembered the film in better detail during testimony. In addition, the contents of the film had been discussed by members of the jury previously, so it did not provide either juror with any new information. Therefore, the Court concluded the petitioner did not demonstrate a substantial likelihood that the jury misconduct resulted in bias against petitioner. 6. Because there was sufficient evidence to show that Ary’s failure to disclose information on the questionnaire did not indicate bias, there was not sufficient evidence to support the allegation that Ary made statements regarding petitioner’s previous murders, and the juror misconduct of watching American Me during deliberations did not result in bias there was no evidence to indicate the jury was not impartial during petitioner’s trial. As a result, the habeas petition was denied. REFERENCED CASES ANNOTATION BY: R. Easter |
