Filed 5/1/13 (unmodified opinion attached)
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF CALIFORNIA
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent,
S190713
v.
Ct.App. 4/3 G040716
COLE ALLEN WILKINS,
Orange County
Defendant and Appellant.
Super. Ct. No. 06NF2339
MODIFICATION OF OPINION
THE COURT:
The opinion in this matter filed on March 7, 2013, and appearing at 56
Cal.4th 333, is modified as follows:
On page 351, footnote 6 is modified to read as follows: “The Court of
Appeal held that the evidence was sufficient to support defendant’s conviction and
we declined to review that issue. Consequently, there is no bar to defendant being
retried for felony murder. (See People v. Hernandez (2003) 30 Cal.4th 1, 6.)”
This modification does not affect the judgment.
Filed 3/7/13 (unmodified version)
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF CALIFORNIA
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent,
S190713
v.
Ct.App. 4/3 G040716
COLE ALLEN WILKINS,
Orange County
Defendant and Appellant.
Super. Ct. No. 06NF2339
Defendant Cole Allen Wilkins was convicted of first degree murder under a
felony-murder theory that the victim was killed during the commission of a
burglary. The evidence at trial established that defendant burglarized a house
under construction and loaded some large household appliances onto the back of a
pickup truck. Sometime later, as he was driving on a freeway, an unsecured stove
stolen in the burglary fell off his truck. Another driver swerved to avoid the stove,
crashed into a large truck, and was killed. The trial court instructed the jury that in
order for the felony-murder rule to apply, the burglary and the act causing the
death must be part of one “continuous transaction.” (See CALCRIM No. 549.) It
refused defendant’s request that the jury be instructed that, for purposes of felony
murder, the felony continues only until the perpetrator has reached a place of
temporary safety. (See CALCRIM No. 3261.) The Court of Appeal found no
error in the trial court’s refusal to instruct the jury on the so-called “escape rule”
and affirmed.
1
We conclude that it was error to refuse the instruction on the escape rule
and that the error requires reversal of defendant’s conviction.
FACTS
In 2005, defendant entered into an arrangement with a former girlfriend,
Kathleen Trivich, under which she purchased a piece of property in Palm Springs
and defendant, as co-owner, was to oversee the construction of a house on that
property. Trivich also purchased a truck for defendant’s use, but the title remained
in her name. Defendant lived in Long Beach with his girlfriend Nancy Blake.
In 2006, Dennis Kane was building a home in Menifee, a city in Riverside
County located roughly between Long Beach and Palm Springs. Kane had
purchased a large number of appliances and other items for the house, including a
stove, refrigerator, dishwasher, microwave, light fixtures, ceiling fans, door locks,
and a sink. These items were last seen in the house about 8:00 p.m. on the evening
of Thursday, July 6, 2006, when Kane’s brother-in-law locked up the house.
Trivich testified at trial that on Friday, July 7, 2006, she twice spoke to
defendant on the phone. The first time, at 12:45 a.m., he told her that he “got
some big items for the kitchen.” He did not tell her exactly what the items were.
The second time, at 1:12 a.m., he told her that he was on his way to Palm Springs.
Shortly before 5:00 a.m. on Friday, July 7, 2006, defendant was driving
Trivich’s pickup truck westbound on “the 91 freeway” just east of the Kraemer
Boulevard exit in Anaheim. He was travelling about 60 to 65 miles per hour,
heading in the direction of his home in Long Beach. He was about 62 miles
northwest of the Kane home in Menifee. The bed and cab of the pickup truck
were loaded with appliances that had been stolen from the Kane home. The
tailgate of defendant’s truck was down and none of the items in the bed of the
truck were tied down.
2
A stove fell off defendant’s truck onto the 91 freeway. A driver behind
defendant’s truck, Danny Lay, struck the stove with his car. Lay attempted to get
defendant to pull over by flashing his lights and honking his horn. Defendant
slowed down and pulled over, but then accelerated again. Lay pulled up next to
defendant’s truck, rolled down the window, and told defendant to get off the
freeway. Defendant pulled over at the next exit and stopped. He got out of the
truck and threatened Lay, but when Lay told him that something had fallen off his
truck, defendant exclaimed, “Oh my God, it’s a thousand-dollar stove.”
Defendant falsely told Lay that his name was Michael Wilkins. He gave
Lay the name of the registered owner of the truck, Kathleen Trivich, but gave him
several false telephone numbers. Defendant then continued on to his home in
Long Beach. In the meantime, the stove was still on the four-lane 91 freeway, in
either the fast lane or the lane just to the right of it. At 5:00 a.m., David Piquette,
driving his car in the fast lane, suddenly swerved to the right, apparently to avoid
hitting the stove. His car crossed the middle lanes and struck a big rig truck that
was travelling in the far right lane. Piquette died.
When defendant arrived home in Long Beach about 5:30 or 6:00 a.m. on
Friday, July 7, 2006, he and his girlfriend, Nancy Blake, moved some of the stolen
items into Blake’s trailer. The next day, he and Blake dropped the trailer off for
repairs in Riverside, and drove the truck with the remaining stolen items to the
home of defendant’s friend, Sean Doherty, in Palm Springs. They used the
tiedowns that were kept in the pockets of the backseat of the truck to secure the
load in the truck bed. Defendant stored the remaining items in Doherty’s garage.
That same Friday morning, between 7:00 and 7:30 a.m., Kane received a
telephone call advising him that the appliances were missing from his house in
Menifee, and reported the matter to the police. The police subsequently recovered
3
the items from Nancy Blake’s trailer and Sean Doherty’s garage, and arrested
defendant.
To trace defendant’s whereabouts, cell phone records were used. Cell
phone company records indicated, in relevant part, that defendant made or
received calls on his cell phone at 10:13 p.m. on Thursday night, July 6, 2006, and
at 12:45 a.m., 1:12 a.m., and 4:30 a.m. on Friday morning, July 7, 2006. These
records showed which cell tower transmitted each call. Normally, a cell phone
call is transmitted through the closest tower, which would be located between two
and 10 miles away from the caller’s location. Thus, defendant’s location at the
time of the calls must have been within a few miles of the cell tower that
transmitted each call. The 10:13 p.m. call was transmitted through a tower close
to defendant’s home in Long Beach. The 12:45 a.m. call was transmitted through
a tower located near the 91 freeway, east of Long Beach. The 1:12 a.m. call was
transmitted through a tower approximately 10 miles farther east. The 4:30 a.m.
phone call was transmitted through a tower located near Riverside, and near the
intersection of the 91 freeway and “the 215 freeway.” The Riverside tower was
about 31 miles north of the scene of the burglary in Menifee, and 31 miles east of
the location where the accident would occur a half-hour later.
There was, however, no direct evidence of when the burglary took place.
The prosecution’s theory was that when the cell phone calls were made to Trivich
at 12:45 a.m. and 1:12 a.m., defendant was driving eastbound on the 91 freeway,
en route from his home in Long Beach to the Kane home in Menifee. After
Trivich’s truck was loaded with the appliances, under the prosecution’s theory, at
about 4:00 a.m. defendant got on the 215 freeway — which was the closest
freeway to the Kane home — and drove north, placing him about 30 miles from
Menifee at the time of the 4:30 a.m. call. He then took the westbound 91 freeway
4
where, half an hour and another 30 miles later, the accident occurred that killed
Piquette.
Defendant testified in his own defense. He denied the burglary and
testified that he did not take the appliances from the Kane home but that he bought
them from an acquaintance named “Rick” at a Home Depot parking lot off the 91
freeway. After obtaining the appliances he drove eastbound on the 91 freeway
toward Palm Springs, intending to leave the appliances at Sean Doherty’s house.
However, Doherty was not at home and defendant discovered that he could not
unload them safely by himself, so he went into the house and took a nap. A
couple hours later, he drove back to Long Beach, with the appliances still in his
truck. Around 4:30 a.m. he pulled off at a gas station and used a pay phone to call
his own cell phone because he could not find it in the truck. After locating his cell
phone, he called Nancy Blake to inform her he was coming home.
DISCUSSION
1. The Escape Rule
Defendant was convicted of first degree murder under the felony-murder
theory that the killing of David Piquette occurred in the commission of a burglary.
The felony-murder rule provides that “[a]ll murder . . . which is committed in the
perpetration of, or attempt to perpetrate, arson, rape, carjacking, robbery, burglary,
mayhem, [or] train wrecking . . . is murder of the first degree.” (Pen. Code, § 189,
italics added.) “Under the felony-murder rule, a strict causal or temporal
relationship between the felony and the murder is not required; what is required is
proof beyond a reasonable doubt that the felony and murder were part of one
continuous transaction. [Citation.] This transaction may include a defendant’s
flight after the felony to a place of temporary safety.” (People v. Young (2005) 34
Cal.4th 1149, 1175.) “A killing committed by a robber during his or her flight
5
from the scene of the crime, and before reaching a place of temporary safety,
comes within section 189.” (People v. Pulido (1997) 15 Cal.4th 713, 723, fn. 3,
citing People v. Salas (1972) 7 Cal.3d 812, 820-824.)
This principle, often referred to as the “escape rule,” originated in People v.
Boss (1930) 210 Cal. 245, in the context of a felony murder in the perpetration of a
robbery. Boss noted that “[r]obbery, unlike burglary, is not confined to a fixed
locus, but is frequently spread over considerable distance and varying periods of
time.” (Id. at p. 251.) Later cases, however, have extended the rule to burglary.
(See People v. Fuller (1978) 86 Cal.App.3d 618, 623; People v. Bodely (1995) 32
Cal.App.4th 311 (Bodely).) Bodely reasoned that although a burglary is complete
for other purposes when the burglar leaves the structure, “application of the escape
rule to burglary is consistent with the ‘one continuous transaction’ test.” (Bodely,
supra, at p. 314.) Similarly, the escape rule has been extended to felony murder in
the perpetration of rape even though rape itself is complete upon penetration,
because “flight following a felony has also been considered as part of the same
transaction.” (People v. Portillo (2003) 107 Cal.App.4th 834, 843.)
The escape rule also has been extended to other contexts requiring proof
that an act occurred in the commission of a crime — such as inflicting great bodily
injury in the course of commission of a crime (People v. Carroll (1970) 1 Cal.3d
581, 584-585), kidnapping for purposes of robbery (People v. Laursen (1972) 8
Cal.3d 192, 199-200), and use of a firearm in the commission of a robbery (People
v. Fierro (1991) 1 Cal.4th 173, 225-226).
At trial, defense counsel requested that the jury be instructed on the escape
rule, as set out in CALCRIM No. 3261. That instruction (as adapted to apply to a
male perpetrator when the alleged crime is burglary) reads: “The crime of
burglary continues until the perpetrator has actually reached a temporary place of
safety. The perpetrator has reached a temporary place of safety if he has
6
successfully escaped from the scene, is no longer being chased[, and has
unchallenged possession of the property].” (See CALCRIM No. 3261.) The trial
court refused defendant’s request for this instruction because the bench note to the
instruction states, “This instruction should not be given in a felony-murder case to
explain the required temporal connection between the felony and the killing. . . .
This instruction should only be given if it is required to explain the duration of the
felony for other ancillary purposes, such as use of a weapon.” (Judicial Council of
Cal., Crim. Jury Instns. (2012) Bench Notes to CALCRIM No. 3261, p. 990
(Bench Notes).)
The CALCRIM drafters relied on the following language in People v.
Cavitt (2004) 33 Cal.4th 187, 208 (Cavitt): “[W]e first recognize that we are
presented with two related, but distinct, doctrines: the continuous-transaction
doctrine and the escape rule. The ‘escape rule’ defines the duration of the
underlying felony, in the context of certain ancillary consequences of the felony
(People v. Cooper (1991) 53 Cal.3d 1158, 1167), by deeming the felony to
continue until the felon has reached a place of temporary safety. (E.g., People v.
Bodely[, supra,] 32 Cal.App.4th 311, 313.) The continuous-transaction doctrine,
on the other hand, defines the duration of felony-murder liability, which may
extend beyond the termination of the felony itself, provided that the felony and the
act resulting in death constitute one continuous transaction.” Based on this
language in Cavitt, the CALCRIM bench note provides that the instruction on the
escape rule should not be given in a felony-murder case, and that a jury should be
instructed about that rule only in other situations in which “another instruction
given to the jury has required some act ‘during the commission or attempted
commission’ of the felony.” (Bench Notes to CALCRIM No. 3261, supra, at
p. 989.)
7
The referenced language in Cavitt, however, should be understood in the
context of the facts of that case. The opinion explains at the outset that the case
involves the “complicity aspect” of the felony-murder rule: “[W]e are not
concerned with that part of the felony-murder rule making a killer liable for first
degree murder if the homicide is committed in the perpetration of a robbery or
burglary. Rather, the question here involves ‘a nonkiller’s liability for the felony
murder committed by another.’ [Citation].” (Cavitt, supra, 33 Cal.4th at p. 196.)
In other words, Cavitt addressed the scope of accomplice liability in connection
with the felony-murder rule. In that case, the two codefendants argued that they
should not be responsible for a killing under the felony-murder rule if the third
accomplice in the burglary, who had remained at the scene of the crime, killed the
victim after the two codefendants had reached a place of temporary safety.
Among other things, one defendant argued that the trial court had erred in
modifying the instruction on the escape rule to specify that the rule would not
apply to terminate liability for felony murder if any one of the perpetrators
continued to exercise control over the victim. The above quoted comments come
from the portion of the opinion in Cavitt that addressed this claim. In that context,
Cavitt concluded the instruction on the escape rule need not have been given at all.
(Cavitt, supra, at p. 208.)
Cavitt does not support the conclusion that an instruction on the escape rule
is inapplicable in a felony murder case like the present one, in which the
complicity aspect of the felony-murder rule is not at issue and the question is
whether “a killer [is] liable for first degree murder if the homicide is committed in
the perpetration of a . . . burglary.” (Cavitt, supra, 33 Cal.4th at p. 196.) Cavitt
notes that the escape rule applies “in the context of certain ancillary consequences
of the felony.” (Id. at p. 208.) We have long recognized that one of those
ancillary consequences is the perpetrator’s liability under the felony-murder rule.
8
“[T]he traditional ‘escape rule’ has been applied to define the duration of robbery
in the context of numerous statutes defining the ancillary consequences of
robbery.” (People v. Fierro, supra, 1 Cal.4th at p. 226, citing, among other
examples, People v. Salas (1972) 7 Cal.3d 812, 823-824 [applying escape rule in
the context of felony murder].) Indeed, “[t]he escape rule originated in the context
of the felony-murder doctrine in the landmark case of People v. Boss[, supra,] 210
Cal. 245.” (People v. Cooper (1991) 53 Cal.3d 1158, 1166 (Cooper).)1 The
escape rule is “used in felony-murder cases to determine when a killing is so
closely related to an underlying felony as to justify an enhanced punishment for
the killing.” (People v. Bigelow (1984) 37 Cal.3d 731, 753.)2 “Under this test . . .
1
Cooper, which was cited in Cavitt, clearly recognized the applicability of
the escape rule to felony murder. Cooper drew a distinction between the rule used
to determine when a robbery is complete for purposes of accomplice liability, and
the rule used to determine when a robbery is complete for purposes of the felony-
murder rule. Cooper concluded that a getaway driver is an accomplice, rather than
an accessory after the fact, if he or she forms the intent to aid in the robbery before
the perpetrator has reached a place of temporary safety with the stolen goods.
(Cooper, supra, 53 Cal.3d at pp. 1169-1170.) Cooper recognized that under the
traditional “escape rule,” as applied in felony-murder cases, the felony continues
until the perpetrator reaches a place of temporary safety, regardless of whether he
or she still has the stolen goods. (Id. at p. 1166.)
Similarly, Bodely, supra, 32 Cal.App.4th at page 313, which also was cited
in Cavitt, clearly recognized the applicability of the escape rule to felony murder.
Bodely held that the escape rule applies to felony-murder cases involving burglary
because the “immediate escape from the scene of a crime is no less a part of the
same continuous transaction which includes the crime when the crime is burglary
than when the crime is robbery.” (Ibid.)
2
The CALJIC instructions, which are still available, have provided, since at
least 1979, that for purposes of the felony-murder rule, a robbery is complete
“when the perpetrator has eluded his pursuers, if any; has reached a place of
temporary safety and is in unchallenged possession of the stolen property after
having effected an escape with such property.” (CALJIC No. 9.15 (4th ed. 1979);
see id., Use Note at p. 369 [“This instruction is designed for use in connection
(footnote continued on next page)
9
the crime continues until the criminal has reached a place of temporary safety.”
(Bigelow, at p. 753.)3
Recognizing that the escape rule has long been applied to determine
whether a killing has occurred in the commission of a felony, the Court of Appeal
attempted to reconcile the above quoted language in Cavitt “with cases that have
discussed temporary safety as a component of the felony-murder rule.” The Court
of Appeal reached the conclusion that “for purposes of the felony-murder rule, a
robbery or burglary continues, at a minimum, until the perpetrator reaches a place
of temporary safety. . . . But reaching a place of temporary safety does not, in and
of itself, terminate felony-murder liability so long as the felony and the killing are
part of one continuous transaction.”
That statement may be accurate in some circumstances, as in Cavitt, in
which one perpetrator had escaped to a place of safety while another remained at
the scene of the felony and the killing. However, in cases like the present one,
involving a single perpetrator, we have never suggested that if the perpetrator flees
the scene of the crime and reaches a place of temporary safety before the killing,
(footnote continued from previous page)
with a charge of felony murder based on robbery or a charge of kidnapping for the
purpose of robbery”].) The current CALJIC instructions continue to include the
escape rule in the instructions designed for use in felony-murder cases based on
robbery (CALJIC No. 8.21.1) and on other crimes, including burglary and rape.
(CALJIC No. 8.21.2.)
3
People v. Bigelow applied the escape rule to determine the scope of the
special circumstance of murder committed to “ ‘perfect . . . an escape from lawful
custody,’ ” and concluded that an escapee who had remained at liberty for 12 days
and traveled over a thousand miles had reached a place of temporary safety.
(People v. Bigelow, supra, 37 Cal.3d at p. 751; see id. at p. 754.)
10
the killing and the felony could still be considered part of one continuous
transaction. Respondent cites no case that so suggests.
Rather, when the killing occurs during the flight from a felony, this court
and the intermediate appellate courts have, both before and after the decision in
Cavitt, consistently applied the escape rule to test the sufficiency of the evidence
that a killing occurred in the commission of the felony. (See, e.g., People v.
Young, supra, 34 Cal.4th at pp. 1175-1177 [jury could reasonably conclude that
robbery was not complete when the killing occurred 120 to 150 feet from the
scene of the robbery]; People v. Ford (1966) 65 Cal.2d 41, 56-57 [evidence did
not establish felony murder because, during the four hours between the robbery
and the killing, the perpetrator had driven “aimlessly over a great distance” and
had reached “places of temporary safety”]; People v. Russell (2010) 187
Cal.App.4th 981, 992 [evidence sufficient to support finding that defendant had
not reached a place of temporary safety when he fled from officers at high speed
less than 12 minutes after burglary]; People v. Thongvilay (1998) 62 Cal.App.4th
71, 80 [evidence sufficient to support a finding that defendants failed to reach a
place of temporary safety before they caused the accident that took the victim’s
life]; People v. Johnson (1992) 5 Cal.App.4th 552, 560-561 [evidence sufficient to
support finding that defendant did not reach a place of temporary safety, but was
in constant flight for the 30 minutes between the robberies and the fatal accident];
see also People v. Milan (1973) 9 Cal.3d 185, 195 [instruction on felony murder
was proper when the jury could conclude “that defendant had not won a place of
temporary safety when he shot” the victim].)
“Felony-murder liability continues throughout the flight of a perpetrator
from the scene of a robbery until the perpetrator reaches a place of temporary
safety because the robbery and the accidental death, in such a case, are parts of a
‘continuous transaction.’ ” (People v. Thongvilay, supra, 62 Cal.App.4th at p. 77.)
11
Some acts may occur as part of the same transaction as the felony but before the
perpetrator attempts to flee. (See, e.g., People v. Fields (1983) 35 Cal.3d 329,
364-367 [defendant killed victim after maintaining control over her for several
hours after robbing her]; People v. Carroll, supra, 1 Cal.3d at p. 584 [after robbing
the victim of his wallet, finding no money, and disposing of the wallet, defendant
shot the victim out of anger and for revenge].) When the killing occurs during
flight, however, the escape rule establishes the “outer limits of the ‘continuous-
transaction’ theory.” (People v. Portillo, supra, 107 Cal.App.4th at p. 846.)
“Flight following a felony is considered part of the same transaction as long as the
felon has not reached a ‘place of temporary safety.’ ” (People v. Fuller, supra, 86
Cal.App.3d at p. 623, italics added, quoting People v. Salas, supra, 7 Cal.3d at
p. 822.) This court did not intend to change this well-settled principle or to
expand the scope of the felony-murder rule when it decided a related, but
different, issue in Cavitt.
Respondent argues that the escape rule “defines the duration of the
underlying felony” and that we have consistently held that the duration of felony-
murder liability is not determined by considering whether the felony itself has
been completed. (See People v. Ainsworth (1988) 45 Cal.3d 984, 1016; People v
Chavez (1951) 37 Cal.2d 656, 670.) Respondent’s argument fails because the
escape rule does not define the duration of the underlying felony for purposes
other than determining whether a killing or some other act has occurred in the
perpetration or commission of the felony. In this context, courts often describe the
escape rule as defining the duration of the felony. (See, e.g., People v. Fierro,
supra, 1 Cal.4th at p. 226 [“the traditional ‘escape rule’ has been applied to define
the duration of robbery in the context of numerous statutes defining the ancillary
consequences of robbery.”].) In other contexts, however, the escape rule is not
applicable and the scope of the felony is defined more narrowly. (See, e.g.,
12
People v. Montoya (1994) 7 Cal.4th 1027, 1045, fn. 9 [“the liability of an aider
and abettor to burglary may not be based upon an intent to commit, encourage, or
facilitate the commission of the offense, when such intent arises after the
perpetrator has departed from the structure”]; Cooper, supra, 53 Cal.3d at p. 1165
[robbery continues during escape, for purposes of determining whether a person
has acted as an accomplice or as an accessory, only while the perpetrator still has
possession of the loot]; People v. Failla (1966) 64 Cal.2d 560, 569 [burglary is
complete for purpose of determining whether crime is an attempt or a completed
crime when any part of the body of the intruder is inside the premises].) Thus, the
escape rule does not, as respondent contends, artificially cut off liability based on
considerations not relevant to the felony-murder rule. Rather, “ ‘the escape rule
serves the legitimate public policy considerations of deterrence and culpability’ by
extending felony-murder liability beyond the technical completion of the crime.”
(Bodely, supra, 32 Cal.App.4th at pp. 313-314, quoting Cooper, supra, 53 Cal.3d
at p. 1167.)
Respondent argues that application of the escape rule to felony murder
would result in treating cases differently depending on whether the killing
occurred before or after the defendant reached a place of safety even though the
defendant’s conduct may have been equally culpable. The felony-murder rule,
however, does not take into account the relative culpability of the defendant’s
actions or state of mind. Its application depends only on whether the murder was
“committed in the perpetration of” the felony. (Pen. Code, § 189, italics added.)
As we have noted, the “Legislature has said in effect that [the] deterrent purpose
[of the felony-murder rule] outweighs the normal legislative policy of examining
the individual state of mind of each person causing an unlawful killing . . . . Once
a person perpetrates or attempts to perpetrate one of the enumerated felonies, then
in the judgment of the Legislature, he is no longer entitled to such fine judicial
13
calibration, but will be deemed guilty of first degree murder for any homicide
committed in the course thereof.” (People v. Burton (1971) 6 Cal.3d 375, 388; see
People v. Farley (2009) 46 Cal.4th 1053, 1121.)
Respondent finally argues that there need be only a “causal nexus” between
the burglary and the homicide. In the present case, respondent argues, there is a
sufficient nexus between the burglary and the homicide because the homicide was
caused by defendant’s act of driving away from the scene of the crime with his
truck loaded with stolen items that were not secured. Our opinion in Cavitt made
clear, however, that “the felony-murder rule requires both a causal relationship
and a temporal relationship between the underlying felony and the act resulting in
death.” (Cavitt, supra, 33 Cal.4th at p. 193.) The causal relationship is
established by a “logical nexus” between the felony and the homicidal act, and
“[t]he temporal relationship is established by proof the felony and the homicidal
act were part of one continuous transaction.” (Ibid.) Although, as discussed
above, Cavitt addressed an accomplice’s liability under the felony-murder rule,
respondent provides no rationale or authority for eliminating the required
“temporal relationship” in cases involving the liability of a sole perpetrator.
2. The Trial Court Erred in Refusing to Instruct on the Escape Rule
If the court has properly instructed on the required relationship between the
felony and the murder, which relationship is an element of the crime, the trial
court has no sua sponte duty to clarify or amplify the scope of that element if the
evidence does not raise an issue as to whether that relationship exists. (Cavitt,
supra, 33 Cal.4th at pp. 203-204 [because the evidence did not raise an issue as to
the existence of a logical nexus between the felony and the homicide, the trial
court had no duty to clarify this requirement sua sponte]; People v. Garrison
(1989) 47 Cal.3d 746, 792 [trial court not required to instruct sua sponte on the
14
principle that a murder does not occur in the commission of a felony if the felony
is merely incidental to the murder, when the evidence raised no issue as to whether
the felony was incidental to the murder]; People v. Guzman (1988) 45 Cal.3d 915,
952 [trial court had no sua sponte duty to clarify the meaning of the phrase “while
[defendant] was engaged in . . . the commission of” the felony, where defense did
not rely on theory that the murder did not occur while the killer was engaged in the
felony and the facts plainly established that it did].)
When a legally correct instruction is requested, however, it should be given
“if it is supported by substantial evidence, that is, evidence sufficient to deserve
jury consideration.” (People v. Marshall (1997) 15 Cal.4th 1, 39.) In the present
case, defendant requested an instruction on the escape rule (CALCRIM No. 3261),
and there was substantial evidence supporting the instruction. There was no direct
evidence of the precise time at which the burglary occurred. The property was last
seen at the Kane house on Thursday, July 6, and was recovered days later.
Defendant testified that after loading the truck with the appliances, he drove to
Palm Springs, speaking to Trivich on the way and telling her that he had some
large appliances. He testified that he arrived at a friend’s house in Palm Springs,
but was unable to unload the truck by himself. After using the bathroom and lying
down for a while he decided to return to Long Beach and got back on the freeway,
stopping at a gas station to make a telephone call.
Even under the prosecution’s theory of events, defendant was 62 miles
away from the scene of the burglary when the stove fell off his truck and he had
been driving on the freeway at normal speeds for about an hour. There was no
evidence that anyone was following him or that anyone was even aware of the
burglary. A jury could have concluded that the fatal act occurred when the stove
fell off the truck and that defendant had reached a place of temporary safety before
the fatal act occurred. Indeed, the trial court implicitly concluded that an
15
instruction clarifying the relationship between the felony and the killing was
necessary, because it chose to instruct the jury with CALCRIM No. 549, the
instruction designed to be used “[i]f the evidence raises an issue of whether the
felony and the homicide were part of one continuous transaction.” (Bench Notes
to CALCRIM No. 549 (2012) p. 335.)4
3. Standard of Prejudice
The parties disagree on what standard of prejudice applies to this
instructional error. When the jury is “misinstructed on an element of the offense
. . . reversal . . . is required unless we are able to conclude that the error was
harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.” (People v. Hayes (1990) 52 Cal.3d 577,
628 [misinstruction on “immediate presence” element of robbery required reversal
under Chapman standard]; see also People v. Harris (1994) 9 Cal.4th 407
[misinstruction on “immediate presence” element of robbery was harmless beyond
a reasonable doubt].) Defendant contends that the trial court’s failure to instruct
on the escape rule amounted to misinstruction on an element of the offense and
violated his federal constitutional rights to due process and a trial by jury.
4
We note that had the court simply given CALCRIM No. 3261 in addition to
CALCRIM No. 549, the result may have been confusing or misleading because
the two instructions were not drafted in contemplation that they would be given
together. CALCRIM No. 3261 defines the escape rule in terms of the duration of
the burglary (“[t]he crime of burglary continues until the perpetrator has actually
reached a temporary place of safety”), while CALCRIM No. 549 defines the scope
of felony murder by reference to whether the burglary and the act causing death
were part of one continuous transaction. Without attempting to prescribe the exact
instructions that should have been given here or should be given in similar cases,
we reiterate the court had a duty to provide instructions that correctly state the law.
It could have done so by informing the jury that a killing committed after a fleeing
felon has reached a place of temporary safety does not occur in the commission of
the felony.
16
Consequently, defendant argues, the federal harmless error standard applies and
his conviction must be reversed unless this court concludes that the instructional
error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. (See Chapman v. California
(1967) 386 U.S. 18, 24.)
Respondent argues that even if the trial court erred, its error was one of
state law only — a refusal to give a pinpoint instruction. Pinpoint instructions
“relate particular facts to a legal issue in the case or ‘pinpoint’ the crux of a
defendant’s case, such as mistaken identification or alibi. (See People v. Rincon–
Pineda[ (1975)] 14 Cal.3d [864,] 885.) They are required to be given upon
request when there is evidence supportive of the theory . . . .” (People v. Saille
(1991) 54 Cal.3d 1103, 1119.) For such a state law error, reversal is required only
if “it is reasonably probable that a result more favorable to the appealing party
would have been reached in the absence of the error.” (People v. Watson (1956)
46 Cal.2d 818, 836.)
The error in this case amounted to more than a failure to give a pinpoint
instruction because the instruction that the court gave on the “continuous
transaction” element of felony murder was — in absence of an instruction on the
escape rule — incomplete and misleading. The trial court instructed as follows:
“In order for the People to prove that defendant is guilty of murder under a theory
of felony murder, the People must prove that the burglary and the act causing the
death were part of one continuous transaction. The continuous transaction may
occur over a period of time in more than one location. In deciding whether the act
causing the death and the felony were part of one continuous transaction, you may
consider the following factors: [¶] 1. Whether the felony and the fatal act
occurred at the same place. [¶] 2. The time period, if any, between the felony and
the fatal act. [¶] 3. Whether the fatal act was committed for the purpose of aiding
the commission of the felony or escape after the felony. [¶] 4. Whether the fatal
17
act occurred after the felony but while the perpetrator continued to exercise control
over the person who was the target of the felony. [¶] 5. Whether the fatal act
occurred while the perpetrator was fleeing from the scene of the felony or
otherwise trying to prevent the discovery or reporting of the crime. [¶]
6. Whether the felony was the direct cause of death. [¶] And [¶] 7. Whether the
death was a natural and probable consequence of the felony. [¶] It is not required
that the People prove any of these factors or any particular combination of these
factors. The factors are give[n to] assist you in deciding whether the fatal act and
the felony were part of one continuous transaction.” (See CALCRIM No. 549.)
As noted, the jury was told that it could consider “[w]hether the fatal act
occurred while the perpetrator was fleeing from the scene of the felony or
otherwise trying to prevent the discovery or reporting of the crime.” Nothing in
the instruction, however, informed the jury that there was any rule it must apply in
determining whether the felony and the fatal act were part of one continuous
transaction or in determining whether defendant’s flight had ended. Furthermore,
the jury was told that the listed factors were simply ones that the jury “may
consider,” and that the People need not “prove any of these factors or any
particular combination of factors.” Under these instructions, even a juror who
believed that defendant had reached a place of temporary safety before the fatal
act occurred would have no reason to conclude that he or she must find the
defendant not guilty of first degree murder. The instructions given, therefore,
amounted to misinstruction on an element of the offense of first degree murder.5
Accordingly, the federal harmless error standard applies.
5
We express no opinion on whether CALCRIM No. 549 would be correct or
complete when given in a case that did not raise an issue of the applicability of the
escape rule.
18
4. Assessment of Prejudice
“In deciding whether a trial court’s misinstruction on an element of an
offense is prejudicial to the defendant, we ask whether it appears ‘ “ ‘beyond a
reasonable doubt that the error complained of did not contribute to the verdict
obtained.’ ” ’ ” (People v. Hudson (2006) 38 Cal.4th 1002, 1013, quoting People
v. Hagen (1998) 19 Cal.4th 652, 671.) In People v. Hayes, supra, 52 Cal.3d 577,
this court reversed a robbery conviction because the jury had been misinstructed
on the meaning of “ ‘immediate presence’ ” for the purposes of robbery’s
requirement that the property be taken from the victim’s immediate presence. We
noted that the evidence did not establish immediate presence as a matter of law.
“The room in which [the victim] was assaulted and killed was stipulated to be 107
feet from the stolen property’s location, namely, the motel office and living
quarters, and both were on the same motel premises. Under these circumstances, a
reasonable finder of fact could conclude either that the property was not so distant
as to be beyond the victim’s control and protection, or that it was too distant to be
in the victim’s immediate presence at the time the force was used. Because the
issue of immediate presence could reasonably have been decided either way, we
are unable to declare that the misinstruction on this element of robbery was
harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.” (Id. at pp. 628-629.)
This case is analogous to Hayes in that a reasonable trier of fact could have
concluded either that defendant had reached a place of temporary safety before the
fatal act occurred, or that he had not. Even under the prosecution’s view of the
facts, a properly instructed jury could have concluded that the fatal act was
defendant’s act of driving in a manner that caused the stove to fall off of his truck,
and it could have concluded that defendant had reached a place of temporary
safety at the time of the fatal act because he had been driving for about an hour at
normal speeds and was not being followed. Furthermore, although the jury clearly
19
disbelieved defendant’s testimony that he had not stolen the property from the
Kane home, it could have believed other portions of his testimony that he had
stopped to make a phone call, or that he had stopped at Sean Doherty’s house
before the accident. Finally, given the lack of evidence regarding exactly when
the burglary took place, the jury could have reasonably concluded that the
prosecution failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant had not
reached a place of temporary safety before the fatal act.
Even were we to conclude that the instructional error in this case did not
amount to federal constitutional error subject to review under Chapman, reversal
would be required under the standard applicable to state law instructional errors.
“Under the Watson standard, prejudicial error is shown where ‘ “ ‘after an
examination of the entire cause, including the evidence,’ [the reviewing court] is
of the ‘opinion’ that it is reasonably probable that a result more favorable to the
appealing party would have been reached in the absence of the error.” [Citation.]
“We have made clear that a ‘probability’ in this context does not mean more likely
than not, but merely a reasonable chance, more than an abstract possibility.”
[Citation.]’ ” (Richardson v. Superior Court (2008) 43 Cal.4th 1040, 1050.)
There is more than an abstract possibility that the instructional error
affected the verdict in this case. Nothing in counsel’s arguments at trial helped to
clarify the law for the jury. The prosecutor argued, among other things, that the
burglary and the killing were part of a single transaction because defendant was
still driving away with the stolen property. He addressed the factors listed in the
instruction, arguing that almost all of them applied, but emphasized that the jurors
could use other factors and their own common sense. Defense counsel argued that
the burglary was over before the time of the killing because defendant left the
scene of the crime and no one was following him or was aware of the crime — but
there was no solid legal basis for his argument in the instructions. As noted above,
20
even if the jury rejected all of defendant’s testimony, the prosecution did not
dispute that at the time of the accident the burglary had not yet been discovered,
and defendant was at least 60 miles and one hour from the crime scene, had made
a telephone call a half-hour earlier, and had been driving at a normal speed. Given
the evidence, there is a reasonable probability that a jury properly instructed on the
escape rule would have concluded that defendant had reached a place of temporary
safety before the fatal act occurred and was not guilty of felony murder.6
DISPOSITION
The judgment of the Court of Appeal upholding defendant’s conviction for
first degree murder is reversed, and the matter is remanded for further proceedings
consistent with this opinion.
CANTIL-SAKAUYE, C. J.
WE CONCUR:
KENNARD, J.
BAXTER, J.
WERDEGAR, J.
CHIN, J.
CORRIGAN, J.
LIU, J.
6
Defendant does not argue that the evidence was insufficient to support a
conviction for felony murder. Consequently, there is no bar to his being retried for
felony murder. (See People v. Hernandez (2003) 30 Cal.4th 1, 6.)
21
See next page for addresses and telephone numbers for counsel who argued in Supreme Court. Name of Opinion People v. Wilkins
__________________________________________________________________________________
Unpublished Opinion
Original Appeal
Original Proceeding
Review Granted XXX 191 Cal.App.4th 780
Rehearing Granted
__________________________________________________________________________________
Opinion No.
S190713Date Filed: March 7, 2013
__________________________________________________________________________________
Court:
SuperiorCounty: Orange
Judge: Richard F. Toohey
__________________________________________________________________________________
Counsel:
Richard A. Levy, under appointment by the Supreme Court, and Sharon M. Jones, under appointment bythe Court of Appeal, for Defendant and Appellant.
Edmund G. Brown, Jr., and Kamala D. Harris, Attorneys General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant
Attorney General, Gary W. Schons and Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorneys General, Teresa Torreblanca,
Steven T. Oetting and Susan Miller, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
Counsel who argued in Supreme Court (not intended for publication with opinion):
Richard A. Levy3868 W. Carson St., Suite 205
Torrance, CA 90503-6706
(310) 944-3311
Steven T. Oetting
Deputy Attorney General
110 West A Street, Suite 1100
San Diego, CA 92101
(619) 645-2206
Document Outline
- Facts
- Discussion
- 1. The Escape Rule
- 2. The Trial Court Erred in Refusing to Instruct on the Escape Rule
- 3. Standard of Prejudice
- 4. Assessment of Prejudice
- Disposition
Petition for review after the Court of Appeal affirmed a judgment of conviction of a criminal offense. The court limited review to the following issue: Should the trial court have instructed the jury, as requested, with CALCRIM No. 3261, on the theory that a homicide and an underlying felony do not constitute one continuous transaction for purposes of the felony-murder rule if the killer has escaped to a place of temporary safety before the homicide takes place?
| Date: | Citation: | Docket Number: |
| Wed, 05/01/2013 | 56 Cal.4th 333; Modification of opinion: 56 Cal.4th 588a. | S190713M |
| Opinion Authors | |
| Opinion | Chief Justice Tani Cantil-Sakauye |
| Brief Downloads | |
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| May 29, 2013 Annotated by Michelle Lamy | Facts Early on the morning of Friday, July 7, 2006, defendant Cole Allen Wilkins stole several large household appliances from a home under construction in Menifee, CA. Wilkins loaded the items into the bed of his pickup truck, but he did not secure them and he left the truck’s tailgate down. He then left the scene without incident and began the drive to his home in Long Beach, CA. After traveling for about an hour at normal speeds, a stolen stove fell from the back of Wilkins’s truck onto highway 91 and struck another car. The driver of this car forced Wilkins to pull over, at which point Wilkins gave the driver false information. Wilkins then returned to his truck and continued his drive home, leaving the stove in the middle of the highway. Shortly thereafter, David Piquette encountered the stove on highway 91. He swerved to avoid hitting the stove and was killed when he hit a large truck traveling in the next lane. Wilkins was charged with first degree murder. The prosecution advanced the felony-murder theory that Piquette was killed during the commission of Wilkins’s burglary of the Menifee home. According to the felony murder rule, any murder “which is committed in the perpetration of, or attempt to perpetrate, arson, rape, carjacking, robbery, burglary, mayhem, [or] train wrecking . . . is murder of the first degree.” Cal. Penal Code § 189. Procedural History The trial court refused the defendant’s request that the jury be instructed on the “escape rule,” which states that a felony desists for the purposes of the felony murder rule once the perpetrator has reached a place of temporary safety. See CALCRIM No. 3261. Instead, the court instructed the jury that the felony-murder rule applies when the felony and the act that caused death are part of one “continuous transaction.” See CALCRIM No. 549. Wilkins was convicted of first degree murder and appealed. The Court of Appeal upheld the trial court’s rejection of the defendant’s requested “escape rule” instruction, finding no error in the given instruction and affirming the conviction. The California Supreme Court then granted review of the appellate holding. Issues Whether the trial court erred in refusing the defendant’s request for a jury instruction on the “escape rule,” and whether that error requires reversal of the defendant’s conviction. Holding The Supreme Court held that it was error to refuse the escape rule instruction, and that the error was not harmless. The Court reversed the appellate judgment upholding the defendant’s conviction, and remanded the case for further proceedings. Analysis 1. The Escape Rule The escape rule is outlined in CALCRIM No. 3261, which the Supreme Court adapted for this case’s facts to read: “The crime of burglary continues until the perpetrator has actually reached a temporary place of safety. The perpetrator has reached a temporary place of safety if he has successfully escaped from the scene, is no longer being chased, and has unchallenged possession of the property.” CALCRIM No. 3261. The Court of Appeal’s decision to uphold Wilkins’s conviction was based on the conclusion that reaching a place of temporary safety does not per se terminate a felony if the felony and death are part of one continuous transaction. This conclusion, however, rested largely on a misreading of the California Supreme Court’s decision in People v. Cavitt, 33 Cal. 4th 187 (2004). The Supreme Court noted that Cavitt is easily distinguishable from Wilkins’s case because that case decided a similar but altogether different issue involving felony murder and accomplice liability; in that case, one co-felon had escaped, but another remained at the scene of the felony (where the killing occurred). The Court clarified that Cavitt was not intended to discontinue application of the well-established escape rule, or to expand the scope of the felony-murder rule. Post-Cavitt the Supreme Court still consistently applies the escape rule in cases where the killing occurred during flight from a felony, and still consistently uses this principle to determine whether the killing occurred during the commission of the felony. On appeal, the respondent advanced three arguments against application of the escape rule to Wilkins’s case, but the Court rejected all three. First, respondent argued that the escape rule merely defines the duration of the underlying felony; that the Supreme Court has consistently held that the duration of felony murder liability is not dependent on whether the felony was completed; and that application of the escape rule to felony murder would therefore “artificially cut off liability based on considerations not relevant to the felony-murder rule.” People v. Wilkins, 56 Cal. 4th 333, 346 (2013). The Court rejected this argument because the escape rule defines the duration of the underlying felony only as it pertains to the felony murder rule, as a basis for determining whether a killing occurred during the commission of the felony. Indeed, “‘the escape rule serves the legitimate public policy considerations of deterrence and culpability’ by extending felony-murder liability beyond the technical completion of the crime.” Id. (quoting People v. Bodely, 32 Cal. App. 4th 311, 313-314 (1995)). Second, respondent argued that the escape rule should not be applied to felony murder because application of the rule could result in different outcomes in cases where the defendants were equally culpable, depending on whether the killing occurred before or after the defendant reached a place of temporary safety. The Court rejected this argument, stating that felony murder is intended to rest only on whether the killing occurred during the perpetration of the felony, with no consideration given to the defendant’s culpability or state of mind. The Court noted that the “‘Legislature has said in effect that [the] deterrent purpose [of the felony-murder rule] outweighs the normal legislative policy of examining the individual state of mind.’” Wilkins, 56 Cal. 4th at 346 (quoting People v. Burton, 6 Cal. 3d 375, 388 (1971)). Finally, the respondent argued that only a “causal nexus” between the felony and the death is required for the felony murder rule to apply. The Court rejected this argument, stating that the opinion in Cavitt made clear that felony murder requires a causal relationship in addition to a temporal relationship; whereby the “causal relationship is established by a ‘logical nexus’ between the felony and the homicidal act, and ‘[t]he temporal relationship is established by proof the felony and the homicidal act were part of one continuous transaction.’” Wilkins, 56 Cal. 4th at 346-47 (quoting Cavitt, 33 Cal. 4th at 193). The respondent failed to provide any precedential support for the argument that the temporal element can be ignored. 2. The Trial Court Erred in Refusing to Instruct on the Escape Rule A legally correct instruction should be given when the request for one is supported by substantial evidence that the instruction warrants jury consideration. As established in the preceding section, defendant Wilkins’s request for CALCRIM No. 3261 was legally correct, and he had advanced sufficient evidence to warrant the instruction. Under the prosecution’s own theory of events, the defendant was at least 62 miles away from the scene of the burglary when the stove fell off of his truck. The Supreme Court held that a reasonable jury could have concluded that the resulting death occurred after Wilkins had reached a place of temporary safety. According to the escape rule, this would mean that the death occurred after the burglary had been completed. As such, it was error for the trial court to deny this instruction. 3. Standard of Prejudice The parties disagreed about what standard to apply to the trial court’s error. The defendant sought the federal harmless error standard, contending that his federal constitutional rights to due process and trial by jury were violated. By this standard, also known as the Chapman standard, “[w]hen the jury is ‘misinstructed on an element of the offense . . . reversal . . . is required unless we are able to conclude that the error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.’” Wilkins, 56 Cal. 4th at 348 (quoting People v. Hayes, 52 Cal. 3d 577, 628 (1990)). The prosecution contended that any error by the trial court was merely a refusal to give a pinpoint instruction – a state law error only – and as such “reversal is required only if ‘it is reasonably probable that a result more favorable to the appealing party would have been reached in the absence of the error.’” Wilkins, 56 Cal. 4th at 349 (quoting People v. Watson, 46 Cal. 2d 818, 836 (1956)). In assessing the standard, the Court reviewed the instruction that was actually provided to the jury: “In order for the People to prove that defendant is guilty of murder under a theory of felony murder, the People must prove that the burglary and the act causing the death were part of one continuous transaction. The continuous transaction may occur over a period of time in more than one location. In deciding whether the act causing the death and the felony were part of one continuous transaction, you may consider the following factors: [¶] 1. Whether the felony and the fatal act occurred at the same place. [¶] 2. The time period, if any, between the felony and the fatal act. [¶] 3. Whether the fatal act was committed for the purpose of aiding the commission of the felony or escape after the felony. [¶] 4. Whether the fatal act occurred after the felony but while the perpetrator continued to exercise control over the person who was the target of the felony. [¶] 5. Whether the fatal act occurred while the perpetrator was fleeing from the scene of the felony or otherwise trying to prevent the discovery or reporting of the crime. [¶] 6. Whether the felony was the direct cause of death. [¶] And [¶] 7. Whether the death was a natural and probable consequence of the felony. [¶] It is not required that the People prove any of these factors or any particular combination of these factors. The factors are give[n to] assist you in deciding whether the fatal act and the felony were part of one continuous transaction.” Wilkins, 56 Cal. 4th at 349. See also CALCRIM No. 549. The Supreme Court held that the trial court’s error was more than a mere pinpoint error. Under the instructions provided, “even a juror who believed that defendant had reached a place of temporary safety before the fatal act occurred would have no reason to conclude that he or she must find the defendant not guilty of first degree murder,” despite the legal applicability of the escape rule, which instructs otherwise. Wilkins, 56 Cal. 4th at 349-50. As such, the jurors were misinstructed on an element of the offense of first degree murder, and the federal harmless error standard should apply. 4. Assessment of Prejudice The Supreme Court held that even if the Chapman (federal harmless error) standard did not apply, the state law standard on instructional errors would also require reversal in this case. Under the state level standard, also known as the Watson standard, prejudicial error is shown where there is something greater than an abstract possibility that a result more favorable to the appealing party would have been reached but for the instructional error. Here, there is more than an abstract possibility that a properly instructed jury would have found that Wilkins had reached a place of temporary safety before the death occurred, and as such was not guilty of felony murder under the escape rule. Therefore, prejudicial error had occurred under either standard, and reversal was required. Tags Burglary, Cal. Penal Code § 189, CALCRIM No. 3261, CALCRIM No. 549, criminal law, escape rule, felony, felony murder, first degree murder, harmless error, homicide, instructional error, jury instructions, prejudice, standard of prejudice Annotated by Michelle Lamy |
