Supreme Court of California Justia
Docket No. S023628
People v. Sapp

Filed 7/31/03





IN THE SUPREME COURT OF CALIFORNIA



THE PEOPLE,

Plaintiff and Respondent,

S023628

v.

JOHN SAPP,

Contra Costa County

Defendant and Appellant.

Super. Ct. No. 33597-6



A jury convicted defendant John Sapp of the first degree murders of Robert

Weber, Elizabeth Duarte, and John Abono. (Pen. Code, § 187; further

undesignated statutory references are to the Penal Code.) For each murder, the

jury found that defendant personally used a firearm. (§ 12022.5.) With respect to

the murders of Weber and Duarte, the jury further found to be true special

circumstance allegations of multiple murder and murder for financial gain.

(§ 190.2, subd. (a)(1), (3).) In addition, the jury found defendant to be a convicted

felon in possession of a concealable firearm (§ 12021), and it found true an

allegation that defendant had served a prior prison term (§ 667.5, subd. (b)).

At the penalty phase, the jury returned verdicts of death for the Weber and

Duarte murders, and the trial court pronounced death sentences for those crimes.

For being a convicted felon in possession of a concealable firearm, the court

sentenced defendant to two years plus a one-year sentence enhancement.

This appeal is automatic. (§ 1239.) We affirm the judgment in full.

1


I. GUILT PHASE

A. Prosecution’s Case

On April 25, 1986, in Grass Valley, Nevada County, California, defendant

was arrested on an outstanding warrant for being a felon in possession of a

concealable firearm. The next day, defendant confessed to three unsolved murders

in California: the 1985 murder of Robert Weber in Colusa County, the 1981

murder of Elizabeth Duarte, and the 1975 murder of John Abono, both in Contra

Costa County.

1. Murder of Robert Weber

In August 1985, defendant’s friend Robert Weber lived in Concord. He

was a “minor scale” cocaine dealer who was in debt to other drug dealers,

including defendant. On August 13, Weber told his girlfriend, Linda Brown, that

he and defendant were leaving for a few days to buy drugs. Weber took with him

$17,000, a sawed-off shotgun, and a 9-mm. semiautomatic handgun. Around 7

o’clock that evening, Weber telephoned Brown and told her he was in the town of

Clearlake with defendant but that the people they were planning to meet had not

shown up.

On August 17, 1985, defendant and an armed companion went to Weber’s

condominium. While there, defendant answered a telephone call from Brown,

who asked about Weber. Defendant told her he had waited for Weber in a motel

for three days but that Weber never showed up. (Actually, defendant and Weber

had stayed at the El Grande motel in Clearlake the nights of August 13 and 14.)

On August 18, two deer hunters found a man’s body, later identified as

Weber’s, on a hillside on Walker Ridge in Colusa County, about 18 miles from

Clearlake. Sheriff’s deputies summoned to the scene found bloodstains and four

expended 9-mm. casings a short distance from Weber’s body. Weber had died of

2

multiple gunshot wounds to the head, back, chest, throat and both arms. He had

been dead at least 24 hours when the hunters discovered his body.

While in custody some eight months later in Nevada County, after his arrest

on the warrant for being a felon in possession of a concealable firearm, defendant

discussed the Weber killing with Deputy Steven McCulloch of the Colusa County

Sheriff’s Department. Defendant led McCulloch to the site at Walker Ridge

where he had killed Weber. Defendant mentioned that Weber was walking in

front of him on top of a hill, and when Weber turned around, defendant shot him

several times with a 9-mm. pistol. Defendant then dragged Weber’s body some

distance and rolled it over the side of the hill, noting that shrubbery stopped it

from rolling farther down the hill.

The area was the same location where, earlier in August 1985, hunters had

discovered the body, and sheriff’s deputies had found bloodstains and expended

9-mm. casings.

Defendant denied that Weber had any money on him when killed.

According to defendant, “It was murder for hire.” Defendant said that some

people, whom he refused to name, had paid him $10,000 in advance to kill Weber,

and defendant then devised a bogus drug deal to lure Weber to the remote area

outside Clearlake.

In December 1986, while awaiting trial in this case, defendant wrote to

Weber’s brother Michael: “Thought I’d write you one and only letter to let you

know something that’s been eating away at me since your brother’s death. It’s

obvious who pulled the trigger. I’m curious if you ever think about who put the

‘thing’ in motion or who put up the ‘money’ to have it done. Those people are

still out there just like you are. Your brother died being a good friend of mine. He

owed me $32,000 but that’s not the reason he died. You’re probably relieved

about my situation but you should still keep in mind the other ‘responsibles’

3

involved besides myself. I was used as a ‘tool’ and nothing else. . . . I’m certainly

not innocent of many things that I’ve been accused of but concerning your brother

I was only a ‘tool’ used by the ‘other people.’ After I’m executed or if I am

executed those ‘other people’ will still be out there. Sometimes I wish they would

be executed right along side of me. They deserve it also in my opinion.”

2. Murder of Elizabeth Duarte

In 1976, defendant worked at the Chevron Research in Richmond, Contra

Costa County, where he met coworker Elizabeth Duarte. The two dated for

several years, but in July 1980, Duarte obtained a restraining order against

defendant. Around the same time, she began dating another coworker, James

Luddon.

Late in the evening of January 24, 1981, Duarte’s father came to her house

in Richmond and picked up her five-year-old son. Duarte’s father brought the

child back the next morning, but Duarte was not there. Later that day, the father

notified the Richmond police that his daughter was missing.

On January 26, Richmond police investigator Patricia McKittrick talked

with defendant about Duarte’s disappearance. When defendant asked if he was

suspected of murder, McKittrick told him “no.” Defendant volunteered that

Duarte made him “so mad” he wanted “to kill her.” According to defendant, on

January 24 (when Duarte disappeared), he had gone fishing, and he did not return

until the next day. At the end of the interview, defendant said: “If I am not a

suspect, I ought to be; I had a dream the other night that [Duarte] got shot in the

head.”

Police obtained a warrant and searched defendant’s van on February 1,

1981. Caked dirt was on its clutch, gas and brake pedals, and dried human blood

consistent with Duarte’s (type A) was on the floor.

4



After his arrest in Nevada County in April 1986, defendant discussed

Duarte’s murder with Richmond Detective Michael Tye. Defendant said that he

and Duarte had a “love-hate” relationship. He decided “to get rid of her because

the love-hate was not balancing out anymore,” and only hate was left. Although

defendant decided to kill Duarte for personal reasons (she had arranged for a hit

man to shoot 20 rounds from a high-powered rifle at his house), he did not do so

for some two months after making that decision. In the meantime, someone

offered him $20,000 to kill Duarte because she was a snitch.

For $800, defendant had James Luddon, whom Duarte dated after breaking

up with defendant, lure her to Luddon’s house.

On the evening of January 24, 1981, when Duarte arrived at Luddon’s

house, defendant was waiting in a bathroom. Defendant stepped into the hall and

hit Duarte in the head so hard it split her scalp wide open, exposing skull bone.

Defendant took Duarte in his van to his house, where he wrapped a bandage

around her head and gave her a blanket. The two then drove to the Lime Ridge

area of Mount Diablo, where defendant had earlier dug a grave. They talked all

night and defendant at one point handed Duarte his .38-caliber revolver, telling her

to shoot him. Just as the sun was coming up, defendant shot Duarte once in the

stomach. She told him to shoot her again, and he “emptied the gun into her.”

Defendant added that he had buried Duarte wrapped in the blanket.

On April 27, 1986, defendant led Detective Tye to the area of Duarte’s

killing. There, police recovered human remains wrapped in a blanket and with a

bandage wrapped around the skull. Several .38-caliber bullets were found nearby.

Dental records established that the remains were those of Elizabeth Duarte. She

had been shot in the chest at least four times.

5

3. Murder of John Abono

On December 22, 1975, 22-year-old John Abono was living in Concord,

Contra Costa County. In the late afternoon, Abono and his friend Tim Bowler

went to buy some marijuana from defendant, a longtime friend of Abono’s.

Bowler had given Abono $200 to $300 to buy two pounds of marijuana. Abono

drove by defendant’s house, and pointed it out to Bowler, who did not know

defendant. Bowler noticed a Volkswagen parked in front. Abono, who was

driving, parked his sports car nearby. Bowler got out of the car and walked home,

leaving Abono to buy the drugs.

That evening, after waiting in vain for Abono and the marijuana, Bowler

drove by defendant’s house several times. When Bowler drove by between 7:00

and 8:00 p.m. and again around 11:00 p.m., he noticed that the Volkswagen was

gone but that Abono’s car was still parked on the street.

Shortly after Abono’s disappearance, Concord Police Officer Richard

Berendsen talked to defendant. Defendant said he knew he was suspected of

killing Abono because Abono had once “snitched” on him. Defendant claimed,

however, that Abono had “simply left town” out of fear of defendant, and that

Abono would eventually come back.

After his April 1986 arrest for being a felon in possession of a concealable

firearm, defendant spoke with Concord Police Officer Jim Webster about killing

Abono some 10 years earlier. Defendant and Abono had been close friends for

many years, but defendant became annoyed with Abono over “bad dope deals.”

Defendant explained: “[Abono] put me in a situation of messing with heroin

dealers. Just bad business. He was doing too many bad drug deals. He was lying.

. . . [and] a heroin addict.” So defendant decided to kill him and did so “within a

few days.”

6



Defendant gave these details of the murder: Defendant met Abono to

transact a marijuana purchase. Abono appeared to be high on heroin. Defendant

put a gun to Abono’s head and took him to an area near Castle Rock on Mount

Diablo, Contra Costa County. He made Abono walk for about 45 minutes to an

isolated area. Defendant then shot him several times in the head. Initially,

defendant covered Abono’s body with brush, but he later returned with a shovel

and buried the body.

The area where defendant killed Abono was not too far from where he later

killed and buried Elizabeth Duarte. Defendant directed police officers to the area

of Abono’s killing, but they did not find Abono’s body.

B. Defense Case

To support a defense that defendant tends to falsely confess to crimes he

did not commit and therefore that his confessions in this case could not be

believed, defendant called Contra Costa County Deputy District Attorney

Lawrence Barnes as a witness. Barnes testified that while defendant was awaiting

trial in this case defendant admitted killing one Roger Gardner. Counsel for the

prosecution and the defense stipulated that Barnes was an “expert in judging the

credibility of witnesses.” Barnes thereafter gave his opinion that defendant’s

confession to killing Gardner was false, and that the actual killer was Larry Leroy

Brownson, whom Barnes had prosecuted for the crime in 1986 and 1987.

To show that he had killed Elizabeth Duarte for personal reasons -- after

she had a hit man shoot at him -- defendant called Thomas Pompileo, who in 1980

had been his next-door neighbor. Pompileo described an incident in which

Elizabeth Duarte visited defendant and left after a loud argument. Shortly

thereafter, a man standing on the freeway fired several shots from a high-powered

rifle in the direction of defendant’s house.

7

II. PENALTY PHASE

A. Prosecution’s Case

The prosecution presented evidence of defendant’s 1981 felony conviction

for recklessly setting fire to an inhabited dwelling, and of five unadjudicated

crimes. These crimes were defendant’s possession in 1971 (at age 18) of a sawed-

off shotgun; his possession in 1986, while in jail awaiting trial in this case, of a

homemade knife or shank; the 1985 murder of defendant’s mother, Geraldine

Sapp; and the attempted murders of Al Redenius in 1983 and of Donna Smith in

1986.

1. Attempted murder of Al Redenius

Shortly after 9 o’clock on the morning of November 9, 1983, Redenius was

outside his house in Willits, Mendocino County, when he was shot in the face,

neck, and hip from a shotgun fired from a car occupied by Brian Magidson, Herb

Powell and a third man. Earlier that morning, Dave Clement had seen defendant

at Magidson’s house with Magidson and Powell. In April 1986, when defendant

was arrested for being a felon in possession of a concealable firearm, he told the

police that he was paid $10,000 to kill Redenius and that he had fired three

shotgun blasts at Redenius, hitting him in the face.

2. Murder of Geraldine Sapp and attempted murder of Donna Smith

We discuss these two unadjudicated crimes in the course of certain penalty

phase issues. (See pts. VI. B.1 & C, post.)

B. Defense Case

Through many witnesses, the defense presented evidence of defendant’s

difficult childhood, including pathological behavior by his mother, Geraldine

Sapp; his devotion and helpfulness to friends and relatives, particularly to his son

Richard; and his extreme and chronic substance abuse dating from his early teens.

Mental health professionals testified that defendant showed signs of organic brain

8

damage and brain dysfunction. Defendant’s son Richard, who at the time of

defendant’s trial was 20 and confined at the California Youth Authority for car

theft, asked the jurors to spare his father’s life. Raymond Procunier, the former

Director of the California Department of Corrections, who for 40 years had

worked in various penal systems, interviewed defendant and concluded that he

would make a good “life” prisoner. Procunier said: “[Defendant] is willing to

take his medicine, and I would have confidence if I were a warden that he [would]

behave himself and do what he is supposed to do and accept whatever came down

on him if he didn’t and not cause me any problems.”

III. PRETRIAL ISSUES

A. Withdrawal and Appointment of Counsel

Trial in defendant’s capital case was scheduled to start on February 14,

1989, in Contra Costa Superior Court before Judge Norman Spellberg. At that

time, defendant’s counsel of record was the Contra Costa County Public Defender,

Charles James, who had been appointed in May 1986.

On January 30, 1989, Public Defender James filed an affidavit of conflict,

stating that his office “refuses to represent defendant because of a conflict of

interest.” On February 1, James appeared before Judge Spellberg and reasserted

the existence of a conflict. But the deputy public defender assigned to the case,

who was also present in court, said there was no conflict, and he asked the court to

let him continue as defendant’s attorney. When the court asked defendant for his

view, defendant replied: “I would like to keep [the deputy] as my attorney at this

point.” The court denied the deputy’s request, giving these reasons: “The Public

Defender is Mr. James. He has conflicted in this matter. And if he conflicts, there

is no appropriate basis for you [the deputy] to insist that you remain as

[defendant’s] attorney.” The deputy, citing Harris v. Superior Court (1977) 19

Cal.3d 786 (Harris), insisted that defendant was entitled to a hearing on the

9

request that the assigned deputy remain his counsel. The deputy added that he

would take a leave of absence from the public defender’s office if necessary to

continue as defendant’s attorney.

The trial court ruled that because of the declared conflict, “the [Office of

the Contra Costa County] Public Defender no longer represents [defendant].” It

appointed Attorney Stephen Houghton as counsel for defendant regarding the

issues raised by the public defender’s declaration of a conflict. And it set a

hearing for February 3, 1989, to consider both the possibility of defendant’s

waiver of the asserted conflict and defendant’s motion for appointment of the

deputy to represent him as private counsel after leaving the public defender’s

office.

Before the February 3 hearing date, the prosecution filed a brief asserting

that defendant had a right to know the basis for the public defender’s conflict.

Defendant too filed a brief, citing Harris, supra, 19 Cal.3d 786, as authority for

the trial court to appoint as private counsel the deputy (who had offered to leave

the public defender’s office) because of the “special relationship” defendant had

formed with him during the two-year period that the deputy had been assigned to

work on this case. On February 3, Judge Spellberg transferred the attorney

conflict matter to Superior Court Judge Michael Phelan.

Judge Phelan immediately convened an in camera hearing. Present were

Public Defender James, defendant, and Attorney Houghton. The court excluded

the prosecutor to protect defendant’s attorney-client privilege. The court asked

James why he had declared a conflict.

In response, James detailed numerous problems with his assigned deputy,

including the following: Complaints by experienced investigators that the deputy

had not adequately prepared the case for trial; James’s own assessment that the

deputy had not developed a coherent trial theory; and reports by former

10

supervisors (the public defenders in other counties where the deputy had worked)

that he often had “outbursts of rage,” followed by periods in which he seemed

“catatonic, unable to perform his job at all.” One former employer told James he

was shocked that the deputy had been assigned a capital case, given his lengthy

history of “mental health issues.”

James also explained that on January 11, 1989, less than five weeks before

the scheduled trial date, Rebecca Young, an attorney working as a law clerk and

assisting on defendant’s case, “walked off the job” after the assigned deputy

screamed at her and threatened her with a hammer. Young told Public Defender

James that the deputy had “blanched in the face, foamed in the mouth, [and] shook

with rage.” He then ran from the office into a parking lot, where he “yelled about

the Sapp case at the top of his lungs in earshot of the District Attorney’s office.”

A few days thereafter, James received a letter from the private investigator

firm most recently employed on defendant’s case. The firm had experience in

some 25 capital matters. The letter described defendant’s case as being “in a state

of basic shambles” and revealed that the firm’s investigators had witnessed

inappropriate outbursts and unprofessional conduct by the deputy, including a

request for an investigator to impersonate a police officer when interviewing

certain potential witnesses. When the investigators suggested that the deputy

seemed unstable, he falsely accused them of unprofessional behavior and ordered

them off the case.

Public Defender James explained to the trial court that just two weeks

before the scheduled trial, he faced the following problems: The deputy had

alienated everyone who was assisting him; left with “no investigator, no support

staff,” he was inadequately prepared to go to trial. James called the deputy into

his office and told him he was considering declaring a conflict. The deputy

responded by cupping his hands over his ears and running from the office. After

11

discussing the problem “in the abstract” with current and former public defenders

of other counties and with the president of the California Public Defenders

Association, James concluded that he had no choice but to declare a conflict.

Public Defender James added that although defendant wanted the deputy to

continue to represent him, defendant had previously complained about the deputy.

James mentioned that in January 1988, defendant wrote to James requesting that

his case be assigned to a different deputy public defender. Defendant had stated

that the assigned deputy did not have defendant’s interest at heart, and that there

was no longer an attorney-client relationship. Defendant wanted to have

psychological issues explored but the deputy had not arranged for any

psychological or psychiatric evaluation. In response to defendant’s letter, James

met with defendant and persuaded him that the assigned deputy was an excellent

lawyer and should remain on the case. But a year later, defendant telephoned the

deputy’s assistant, Rebecca Young, and again expressed dissatisfaction with his

representation. When Young mentioned this to the deputy, he told her not to have

further contact with defendant.

The trial court then took a recess so Attorney Houghton could confer with

defendant. Thereafter, the hearing resumed in open court. Houghton stated that

he had discussed with defendant “all aspects of the –the allegations, and instances

of the behavior chronicled by Mr. James,” but that defendant still wanted the

deputy to represent him and therefore asked to “execute the appropriate waivers”

so the court could appoint the deputy as private counsel to represent defendant.

The trial court ruled that notwithstanding Public Defender James’s

declaration of a conflict of interest, “this is not factually a conflict of interest

case.” Rather, as the court characterized it, defendant’s appointed counsel, Public

Defender James, had “represented to the court that [his] assigned deputy is

incapable of competently handling this case at trial.” The court expressed “grave

12

misgivings” whether a defendant could waive the right to competent appointed

counsel, and it found that the criteria of Harris, supra, 19 Cal.3d 786, had not been

satisfied. It then vacated the public defender’s appointment as counsel of record

and denied defendant’s request for appointment of the deputy as private counsel to

represent defendant.

Trial in defendant’s case did not begin until some two years later, in

January 1991. At trial, defendant was represented by private Attorneys Stephen

Houghton and Marlene Weinstein. Assisting them was Rebecca Young, who had

left the public defender’s office and was working as a private attorney.

Defendant now contends that the rulings by Judges Spellberg and Phelan

denied him the right to counsel. Specifically, defendant argues that he should

have been permitted to waive any conflict of interest preventing representation

either by the public defender’s office or by the deputy who was taken off this case,

who by taking a leave from the public defender’s office could have represented

defendant as private counsel. Defendant further asserts that once the trial court

vacated the public defender’s appointment as counsel of record, defendant’s

“special relationship” with the assigned deputy public defender entitled him to

have that attorney appointed as his counsel of record. (Harris, supra, 19 Cal.3d

786.) We are not persuaded.

A criminal defendant’s right to counsel is guaranteed by both the federal

Constitution’s Sixth Amendment (applicable to the states through the Fourteenth

Amendment), and by the California Constitution article I, section 15. The

essential aim “is to guarantee ‘an effective advocate for each criminal defendant

rather than to ensure that a defendant will inexorably be represented by the lawyer

whom he prefers.’ ” (People v. Bonin (1989) 47 Cal.3d 808, 834, quoting Wheat

v. United States (1988) 486 U.S. 153, 159.) Questions of appointment and

removal of counsel, at least when counsel seeks to withdraw, are addressed to the

13

trial court’s sound discretion. (People v. Daniels (1991) 52 Cal.3d 815, 846;

Drumgo v. Superior Court (1973) 8 Cal.3d 930, 934-935.)

Here, defendant’s counsel of record was Contra Costa County Public

Defender James. (See 59 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 27 (1976) [“In cases handled by the

public defender’s office, it is the officeholder who is the attorney of record.”].) As

public defender, James had the authority to assign any of his deputies to represent

defendant in this case (see Mowrer v. Superior Court (1969) 3 Cal.App.3d 223,

231) and also to seek his own removal from the case (Code of Civ. Proc., § 284).

James asked the trial court to allow him to withdraw from defendant’s capital case

based upon his evaluation that his assigned deputy was unprepared for the

upcoming capital trial, for the reasons we discussed earlier in detail. Because of

the extraordinary circumstances surrounding the matter, the trial court did not

abuse its discretion in allowing Public Defender James to withdraw as counsel.

Defendant insists that our decision in Harris, supra, 19 Cal.3d 786, entitled

him to continued representation by the assigned deputy public defender, who was

willing to leave the public defender’s office and accept appointment as private

counsel in defendant’s case. Under Harris, a trial court contemplating

appointment of private counsel to represent a criminal defendant must take into

account whether the defendant has a preexisting relationship with an attorney

willing to accept appointment. (Id. at p. 799.) But even when such a relationship

exists, Harris acknowledges that a trial court need not appoint that attorney when

there are “countervailing considerations of comparable weight.” (Ibid.) Here, the

facts described by Public Defender James at the in camera hearing raised serious

concerns about his assigned deputy’s ability to competently represent defendant,

thus constituting the requisite countervailing considerations. Under these

circumstances, defendant suffered no infringement of his constitutional right to

14

counsel because the trial court refused to appoint the attorney as defendant’s

counsel.

Also of no assistance to defendant is Smith v. Superior Court (1968) 68

Cal.2d 547. In that case, this court set aside a trial court’s order removing a

private attorney from the retrial of a capital case for purported incompetence. The

attorney had successfully represented the defendant in his automatic appeal,

securing a complete reversal. The trial court’s removal of the attorney suggested

not so much that the attorney lacked the ability to competently try the case as it did

the existence of a personality conflict between the trial judge and the attorney. (Id.

at pp. 557-558.) That is not the situation here.

Defendant points out that the assigned deputy was not present at the in

camera hearing before Judge Phelan on February 3, 1989, and thus had no

opportunity to counter the version of events described by Public Defender James.

We note that on February 1, 1989, the deputy, represented by counsel, appeared

before Judge Spellberg and argued that no conflict prevented defendant’s

representation by the office of the public defender, and alternatively, that the trial

court should appoint him personally as private counsel to represent defendant. At

that hearing and again on February 3, Judge Spellberg ruled that Public Defender

James, not James’s deputy, was defendant’s attorney of record, and that the deputy

therefore lacked standing to oppose James’s motion to withdraw for a conflict of

interest. When Judge Spellberg then transferred the matter to Judge Phelan, the

deputy did not appear before Judge Phelan. Defendant, who was present and

represented by counsel, raised no objection to Judge Phelan’s deciding the matter

without hearing from the deputy. On these facts, defendant cannot complain that

his rights were violated.

15

B. Motions to Sever Murder Counts

Before trial, defendant twice sought separate trials on each of the three

murder charges. The trial court denied those requests, and the same jury heard

evidence of all three offenses in a single trial. Defendant contends that the joint

trial of all three murder charges was fundamentally unfair, thus entitling him to

reversal. We disagree.

Section 954, which governs joinder of counts in a single trial, provides:

“An accusatory pleading may charge . . . two or more different offenses of the

same class of crimes or offenses, under separate counts . . . .” These statutory

requirements for joinder were met here because the three murder counts were

crimes “of the same class.” (People v. Mason (1991) 52 Cal.3d 909, 933.)1 But

section 954 also provides that “the court in which a case is triable, in the interests

of justice and for good cause shown, may in its discretion order that the different

offenses . . . be tried separately.” We review for abuse of discretion a trial court’s

decision not to try the offenses separately, that is, not to sever charges under this

provision. (People v. Gutierrez (2002) 28 Cal.4th 1083, 1120; People v. Mayfield

(1997) 14 Cal.4th 668, 720.)

“ ‘ “The burden is on the party seeking severance to clearly establish that

there is a substantial danger of prejudice requiring that the charges be separately

tried.” [Citation.] . . . [¶] . . . Refusal to sever may be an abuse of discretion

where: (1) evidence on the crimes to be jointly tried would not be cross-

admissible in separate trials; (2) certain of the charges are unusually likely to

1

In June 1990, six months before the start of trial in this case, the California

electorate enacted Proposition 115, an initiative measure that, as relevant here,
changed the rules governing joinder and severance of criminal charges. (See Cal.
Const., art. I, § 30; § 954.1.) Because the parties stipulated that those new
provisions would not apply in this case, we do not consider them.

16

inflame the jury against the defendant; (3) a “weak” case has been joined with a

“strong” case, or with another “weak” case, so that the “spillover” effect of

aggregate evidence on several charges might well alter the outcome of some or all

of the charges; and (4) any one of the charges carries the death penalty or joinder

of them turns the matter into a capital case.’ ” (People v. Bradford (1997) 15

Cal.4th 1229, 1315.)

With respect to the first factor, defendant contends that if the three murder

counts had been tried separately, evidence of the other two would not have been

cross-admissible in any other trial because the crimes bore no common identifying

characteristics and thus were not probative of any of the factors listed in Evidence

Code section 1101, subdivision (b). But, as we explain, even if we assume that the

standards for cross-admissibility in the prosecution’s case-in-chief were not

satisfied here (see People v. Mason, supra, 52 Cal.3d at p. 934), the evidence of

the other two murders would have been cross-admissible on rebuttal in each other

case if tried separately.

This rebuttal evidence would have shown that, with respect to each murder

defendant confessed to, he knew the victim well (Abono was his best friend from

high school; Duarte was his former girlfriend; Weber was a drug dealer with

whom he did business). And evidence independent of defendant’s confession

linked him to each of the crimes (Abono was last seen going to buy drugs from

defendant; when Duarte disappeared, police searched defendant’s van and found

caked mud and blood of her blood type; Weber left for a drug-buying trip with

defendant days before his body was found). The evidence of the other murders,

including defendant’s confessions, would have been admissible to refute any

contention that defendant frequently made false confessions to murders or, if

defendant presented a mental state defense, to refute any contention that

premeditation and deliberation was absent from any murder. Accordingly,

17

defendant suffered no prejudice from the trial court’s denial of the severance

motion.

Defendant argues that because Abono’s body was never found, the

evidence as to that murder case was relatively weaker than the evidence

supporting the other two counts of murder. Thus, defendant contends, the trial

court abused its discretion in not severing the Abono murder count from the other

two murders. We are not persuaded. As just discussed, the Abono killing

resembled the other two murders not only because defendant confessed to it, but

also because Abono, like the other victims, was close to defendant. The

circumstances of the Abono murder, therefore, satisfied the requirements for

cross-admissibility to rebut the defense claim that defendant falsely confessed to

the killings, thereby dispelling “ ‘any inference of prejudice.’ ” (People v.

Sandoval (1992) 4 Cal.4th 155, 173.)

As earlier explained, in determining whether a trial court abused its

discretion in denying a severance motion, we consider whether a capital offense

has been linked with a noncapital offense, and most particularly whether the

linkage “ ‘turns the matter into a capital case.’ ” (People v. Bradford, supra, 15

Cal.4th at p. 1315.) Here, as defendant points out, he could not be sentenced to

death for killing Abono because in 1975, when Abono was killed, there was no

death penalty law in effect in California. Accordingly, defendant contends that

trying that noncapital murder count with the two capital murder counts was an

abuse of discretion by the trial court. We disagree.

Although the first degree murder conviction on the count involving Abono

allowed the jury to find the existence of the multiple-murder special circumstance

(§ 190.2, subd. (a)3 [“The defendant, in this proceeding, has been convicted of

more than one offense of murder in the first or second degree”]), that conviction

was not crucial to the multiple-murder special-circumstance finding. The jury in

18

the same proceeding also returned first degree murder verdicts on the Duarte and

Weber murder counts, both charged as capital offenses. These verdicts would,

even if the same jury had not decided the charge involving Abono, provided the

basis for a true finding on the multiple-murder special-circumstance allegation.

Accordingly, the trial court’s decision to allow the jury in the same proceeding

that involved the murders of Weber and Duarte to also decide the charge involving

Abono did not result in any prejudice to defendant.

Having concluded that defendant suffered no prejudice from the joint trial

of the three murder counts, we also reject his contention that the joint trial violated

his due process rights. (See United States v. Lane (1986) 474 U.S. 438, 446, fn. 8

[“Improper joinder does not, in itself, violate the Constitution” but rather “ rise[s]

to the level of a constitutional violation only if it results in prejudice so great as to

deny a defendant his Fifth Amendment right to a fair trial”]; People v. Mendoza

(2000) 24 Cal.4th 130, 162.)


C. Failure to Bifurcate Trial on the Charge of Felon in Possession


of a Concealable Firearm

In addition to the three murder counts, defendant was convicted of a 1985

violation of section 12021. In 1985, that provision prohibited any person who had

been convicted of a felony offense from possessing any “firearm capable of being

concealed upon the person.” (Stats. 1983, ch. 1092, § 326.5, p. 4062.) In July

1981, defendant had been convicted of the felony of recklessly burning an

inhabited structure (§ 452, subd. (b)), the house of murder victim Duarte, who had

disappeared in January of that same year.

Before trial, the defense moved to “bifurcate” the trial on the felon in

possession of a firearm charge. Specifically, counsel stated that defendant was

“prepared to . . . waive jury on that [charge] . . . and have the Court . . . out of the

presence of the jury” decide it. The trial court, citing People v. Valentine (1986)

19

42 Cal.3d 170 (Valentine), denied the request. It stated that the question of being a

felon in possession of a firearm was for “the jury to determine,” and that case law

“has only given us one area where we can adjust that, . . . if there is a stipulation as

to the defendant’s status as an ex-felon, then the nature of the particular felony can

be withheld from the jury.” Defendant thereafter agreed to stipulate that he had

been convicted of a felony, and he asked the court “to sanitize” the felon-in-

possession charge such that “the details” of the underlying felony would be

“withheld from the jury.” At the end of the guilt phase trial, the court instructed

the jury under CALJIC No. 12.44 that “the previous felony conviction has already

been established . . . so that no further proof of that fact is required.”

Defendant now contends that the trial court’s ruling on the motion to

bifurcate was error requiring reversal. According to defendant, the trial court

misinterpreted Valentine, supra, 42 Cal.3d 170, as allowing only two options when

a prior conviction is a substantive element of a current charge: Either the

defendant admits to having a prior conviction and the court “sanitizes” the prior by

keeping from the jury the nature of the offense, or the prosecution proves the prior

conviction in open court. Defendant argues that Valentine allows a third option:

full bifurcation of trial on the charge involving a prior conviction by having the

trial court decide the charge outside the jury’s presence. Defendant misconstrues

Valentine.

This court’s 1986 decision in Valentine, supra, 42 Cal.3d 170, interpreted

article I, section 28, subdivision (f) of the California Constitution, added to the

Constitution by Proposition 8, an initiative that the California electorate passed in

1982. It states: “When a prior felony conviction is an element of any felony

offense, it shall be proven to the trier of fact in open court.” (Cal. Const., art. I,

§ 28, subd. (f) (article I, section 28(f)).) Valentine concluded that the language

was directed at People v. Hall (1980) 28 Cal.3d 143, which held that when an

20

element of a charged offense requires proof that the defendant has a felony

conviction, and the defendant offers to stipulate to the prior conviction, it is error

to inform the jury either of the fact that the defendant has a prior felony conviction

or the nature of the felony. (Id. at pp. 153-154.)

Valentine held that article I, section 28(f) eliminated “the per se rule of

Hall” by requiring that the jury be advised that the defendant has suffered a prior

felony conviction if such felony conviction is an element of a current charge.

(Valentine, supra, 42 Cal.3d at p. 173.) But if the defendant offers to stipulate to a

prior felony conviction, article I, section 28(f) allows evidence of the nature of

that felony to be withheld from the jury. (Valentine, supra, at p. 173.) Thus, as

the trial court properly ruled in this case, Valentine allows one of two alternatives

when a defendant’s prior felony conviction is an element of a charged crime:

(1) The prosecution can prove the conviction in open court, and that proof can

include both the fact that the defendant has previously been convicted of a felony

offense as well as the nature of the felony involved; or (2) the defendant can

stipulate to having a felony conviction and thereby keep from the jury the nature

of the particular felony.

In

insisting

that

Valentine allows a third option, that of full bifurcation of

trial on the charge of being a felon in possession of a concealable firearm,

defendant quotes this language from Valentine: “[T]he court must balance the

legitimate benefits . . . of a consolidated trial against the likelihood that disclosure

of ex-felon status in a joint trial will affect the jury’s verdict on charges to which

that status is irrelevant.” (Valentine, supra, 42 Cal.3d at p. 180, fn. 3.) Contrary

to defendant’s assertion here, that language pertains not to a motion to bifurcate

trial on a charge that requires proof of a prior felony conviction (the motion

brought here), but to a motion to sever charges properly joined under section 954.

The relevant portion of Valentine’s footnote 3 states in full: “[D]efendant argues

21

that the trial court should at least have granted his motion to sever the firearm-

possession count from the robbery charge in order to prevent disclosure of

defendant’s criminal record from affecting the jury’s deliberations on the latter

crime. We need not resolve that contention, since we hold that disclosure of the

nature of defendant’s priors was reversible error as to all counts. [¶] . . . [W]e

decline to rule that such a procedure is mandatory in all cases. When the joinder

statute (§ 954) would otherwise permit consolidation of charges, a trial court

should, if requested, carefully exercise its discretion whether to try [the firearm

possession] count separately ‘in the interests of justice.’ ” (Valentine, supra, 42

Cal.3d at p. 180, fn. 3.) This is followed by the sentence on which defendant

relies, which states that a court considering such a severance request must balance

the various interests. (Ibid.) Because this court in Valentine expressly declined to

decide whether the trial court in that case abused its discretion in failing to grant

the defendant’s severance motion, its discussion of severance was dictum, as

defendant acknowledges. (See Palmer v. GTE California, Inc. (2003) 30 Cal.4th

1265, 1278 [“ ‘an opinion is not authority for a proposition not therein

considered’ ”]; People v. Scheid (1997) 16 Cal.4th 1, 17 [same].)

Moreover, defendant concedes he did not move to sever the firearm-

possession count from the three murder counts. He asserts, however, that although

the Valentine dictum discussed only severance explicitly “its rationale . . . would

apply to permitting full bifurcation (a mini-trial following the guilt trial on the

main charges).” Not so. In footnote 3 in Valentine this court expressly rejected

the idea that article I, “section 28(f) should be interpreted to require bifurcated

trials, with proof of [prior felony convictions] made only to the judge, who would

be the ‘trier of fact’ for this limited purpose.” (Valentine, supra, 42 Cal.3d at

p. 179, fn. 3.)

22



To summarize: Valentine, supra, 42 Cal.3d 170, allows the trial court only

two options when a prior conviction is a substantive element of a current charge:

Either the prosecution proves each element of the offense to the jury, or the

defendant stipulates to the conviction and the court “sanitizes” the prior by telling

the jury that the defendant has a prior felony conviction, without specifying the

nature of the felony committed. These are the same two options the trial court

here offered defendant. Accordingly, there was no error.

Defendant accuses his trial counsel of rendering ineffective assistance,

because, faced with those two options, counsel chose to have the court sanitize the

prior felony conviction. Defendant contends that counsel’s decision not to reveal

to the jury the nature of defendant’s prior felony conviction did him more harm

than good for this reason: The prior pertained to the relatively minor offense of

recklessly burning an inhabited dwelling. Because the jury had already heard

evidence that defendant had set fire to Duarte’s house, defendant argues that the

jury might have speculated that his prior felony conviction was for an offense

other than setting fire to Duarte’s house, possibly something far more serious, such

as murder. Preliminarily, we note that nothing in the record supports this

conjecture by defendant.

“To establish a violation of the constitutional right to effective assistance of

counsel, a defendant must show both that his counsel’s performance was deficient

when measured against the standard of a reasonably competent attorney and that

this deficient performance caused prejudice in the sense that it ‘so undermined the

proper functioning of the adversarial process that the trial cannot be relied on as

having produced a just result.’ (Strickland v. Washington (1984) 466 U.S. 668,

686; see also People v. Wader (1993) 5 Cal.4th 610, 636.) If a defendant has

failed to show that the challenged actions of counsel were prejudicial, a reviewing

court may reject the claim on that ground without determining whether counsel’s

23

performance was deficient. (Strickland v. Washington, supra, 466 U.S. at

p. 697.)” (People v. Kipp (2001) 26 Cal.4th 1100, 1122-1123.)

In determining whether an attorney’s conduct so affected the reliability of

the trial as to undermine confidence that it “produced a just result” (Strickland v.

Washington, supra, 466 U.S. at p. 686), we consider whether “but for” counsel’s

purportedly deficient performance “there is a reasonable probability the result of

the proceeding would have been different.” (People v. Cash (2002) 28 Cal.4th

703, 734; see Strickland v. Washington, supra, at p. 694.) That standard cannot be

met here. Given defendant’s confessions to the three murders in this case, and the

physical and circumstantial evidence indicating that he was the killer in each

instance, no reasonable probability exists that the jury would have acquitted him

had it learned that his prior felony conviction was for reckless burning of an

occupied dwelling rather than some other and perhaps more serious crime.

D. Admissibility of Defendant’s Confessions

Before trial, defendant moved to suppress evidence of statements he had

made to law enforcement officers shortly after his April 25, 1986 arrest. After

hearing testimony, the trial court granted the motion with respect to statements

defendant made during interrogation on April 25, but denied it with respect to all

the statements defendant made after he initiated contact with law enforcement

officers on the evening of April 26. Thus, at the guilt phase of defendant’s capital

trial, the jury heard evidence of defendant’s confessions to the murders of Weber,

Duarte, and Abono, including evidence that he led detectives to the locations of

those killings.

Defendant

contends

that

the introduction of this evidence violated the self-

incrimination and due process clauses of the federal and state Constitutions. (U.S.

Const., 5th & 14th Amends.; Cal. Const., art. I, §§ 7, 15.) Specifically, he claims

the police violated his rights under Miranda v. Arizona (1966) 384 U.S. 436

24

(Miranda), on April 25, 1986, and that as a result his confessions on April 26, 27,

and 28 must be deemed involuntary. He also asserts that his confessions were

involuntary because they were coerced. We disagree.

1. Factual background

Evidence at the suppression hearing established that on the morning of

April 25, 1986, Nevada County Sheriff’s deputies arrested defendant on a warrant

issued by Butte County. On the way to the Nevada County jail, defendant

volunteered that he “wanted to talk and clear things up,” and that he could tell the

deputies “about 20 murders.”

About an hour after defendant’s arrival at the jail, Sergeant Steven

McCulloch of the Colusa County Sheriff’s Department asked to talk with him

about the Weber killing. Also present was Detective Bill Elliott of the Butte

County Sheriff’s Department, who was investigating the disappearance of

defendant’s mother. Sergeant McCulloch advised defendant of his Miranda rights

(to remain silent and to have an attorney); defendant said he understood those

rights but added that if the detectives wanted to talk about murders “maybe I

should have an attorney.” McCulloch continued to question defendant, and then

Detective Elliott said he wanted to talk about the disappearance of defendant’s

mother. When defendant refused, Elliott appealed to him to reveal where he had

hidden his mother’s body so she could have a proper burial. Defendant became

emotional, was “on the verge of tears,” and did not respond, whereupon Elliott left

the room.

Shortly thereafter, Detective Michael Tye of the Richmond Police

Department arrived to question defendant about Duarte. Before entering the

interview room, he spoke with Detective Elliott, who mentioned that defendant

had said something about “possibly needing an attorney.” When Tye joined the

questioning, he ascertained that McCulloch had given defendant Miranda

25

advisements. Tye then spoke with defendant for about two hours. He mentioned

defendant’s brother Mike, a fellow Richmond police officer, stressing that

defendant’s involvement in murders was “having some adverse effects on Mike,”

and that defendant could help his brother by telling the truth about what had

happened to the victims.

After a two-hour dinner break, Detective Tye talked to defendant for about

another half-hour, at which point defendant said he “wanted to have an attorney.”

Tye gave defendant his card and told him to “think about it overnight,” adding that

before the homicide investigators could again talk to defendant with or without an

attorney being present, defendant would have to “get in contact” with them.

The next evening, April 26, Nevada County Sheriff’s Deputy Mary Fryback

was on duty in the jail when defendant called her to his cell and said he was ready

to talk to the investigators about “those murders that those guys were asking me

about yesterday.” Fryback told defendant that the investigators had all returned to

their home counties and thus were not available to interview him. Defendant

insisted that the investigators must have “left a message where to get them,” and

that Fryback should “go call them . . . now.” Fryback alerted her superior, Deputy

Sheriff Troy Arbaugh, who telephoned Sergeant McCulloch, Detectives Elliott,

and Tye, relaying to them defendant’s message. (Deputy Arbaugh would later

testify that the investigators had asked him to make sure that defendant “in fact did

want to speak with them about their cases” before they drove all the way back to

Nevada County.) Thereafter, without advising defendant of his Miranda rights,

Arbaugh inquired whether defendant was serious about talking to the investigators

about the murders. Defendant replied: “I want to admit to three murders, two in

Contra Costa County and one in Colusa County. I want to show where two of the

bodies were buried and I will show where my mother is buried. I didn’t kill her,

but she was killed because of me, [and] I dumped the guy in the bay that did kill

26

her.” Defendant added that he wanted “to get it all behind” him and did not want

“any attorneys” involved.

A short while later, defendant spoke for about 10 minutes by telephone

with Detective Tye of the Richmond Police Department. That conversation was

tape-recorded. With no questioning by Tye, defendant stated: “I just want to get

this shit over with. I’ll give you the locations of what you guys want.” When Tye

responded, “Okay,” defendant said: “[T]he main reason is you’ve convinced me

that it would be best for Mike [his police officer brother]. That’s the main reason

I’m doing this.” Defendant added: “I’ll tell you right now I killed Abono; I killed

Weber; I killed Duarte; but I didn’t kill my mother, but because of me, she died;

and the person that killed her, I killed, and I’ll tell you where he’s at.” Defendant

then promised that Detective Tye would not “drive up here and drive back –

frustrated again,” to which Tye responded: “I’ll be there first thing in the

morning.”

The next morning, April 27, Detective Tye arrived at the Nevada County

jail before 9:00 a.m. to question defendant. He was soon joined by Sergeant

McCulloch, Detective Elliott, and Tony Koester, an investigator for the Butte

County District Attorney’s Office. Tye readvised defendant of, and defendant

waived, his Miranda rights. Tye commented that the Miranda waiver would

“carry throughout the day,” and he suggested it would be “a long day” of

questioning. And Tye assured defendant that if at any time during that

questioning, defendant did not want “to talk anymore,” to just say so, and

questioning would stop. Tye noted that he was “involved in the Duarte case,”

adding that “one of [his] main reasons” for wanting to talk to defendant was to

convey how defendant’s brother Mike, a Richmond police officer, was doing. Tye

told defendant: “I thought that you should take that into consideration when you

decided whether or not you wanted to talk with us.”

27



Defendant replied that he still wanted to talk to the investigators.

Defendant then made this statement: “I killed John Abono. . . . I did it for

personal reasons. I killed Elizabeth Duarte for money. I was paid to kill her. I

killed Robert Weber for money. I was paid to kill him.”

Later that same day, April 27, the investigators drove with defendant to

Contra Costa County, and he directed them to the areas where he had killed and

buried Abono and Duarte. The next day, April 28, the investigators took

defendant to Colusa County, and he led them to the area where he had killed

Weber and left the body. At each location and in later interviews, defendant was

readvised of and waived his Miranda rights, and continued to provide details

about the three killings.

2. Pertinent legal standards

a. Miranda

The privilege against self-incrimination provided by the Fifth Amendment

of the federal Constitution and by article I, section 15 of the California

Constitution “is protected in ‘inherently coercive’ circumstances by the

requirement that a suspect not be subjected to custodial interrogation unless he or

she knowingly and intelligently has waived the right to remain silent, the presence

of an attorney, and, if indigent, to appointed counsel.” (People v. Cunningham

(2001) 25 Cal.4th 926, 992; see Dickerson v. United States (2000) 530 U.S. 428,

439-440; Miranda, supra, 384 U.S. 436.) “ ‘ “If a suspect indicates ‘in any

manner and at any stage of the process,’ prior to or during questioning, that he or

she wishes to consult with an attorney, the defendant may not be interrogated.” ’ ”

(People v. Storm (2002) 28 Cal.4th 1007, 1021.) Rather, “ ‘the interrogation must

cease until an attorney is present.’ ” (Edwards v. Arizona (1981) 451 U.S. 477,

482.) Moreover if, in violation of this rule, interrogation continues of an in-

custody suspect who has asked for but has not been provided with counsel, the

28

suspect’s responses are presumptively involuntary and therefore “are inadmissible

as substantive evidence at trial.” (People v. Cunningham, supra, at p. 993; see

McNeil v. Wisconsin (1991) 501 U.S. 171, 176-177.) Such exclusion is not

required, however, when the “suspect personally ‘initiates further communication,

exchanges, or conversations’ with the authorities.” (Cunningham, supra, at

p. 992, quoting Edwards v. Arizona, supra, at pp. 484-485.) The rule that

interrogation must cease because the suspect requested counsel does not apply if

the request is equivocal; “[r]ather, the suspect must unambiguously request

counsel.” (Davis v. United States (1994) 512 U.S. 452, 459.)

b. Voluntariness

The Fourteenth Amendment of the federal Constitution and article I,

section 7 of the California Constitution make “inadmissible any involuntary

statement obtained by a law enforcement officer from a criminal suspect by

coercion.” (People v. Neal (July 14, 2003, S106440) ___ Cal.4th ____, ____ [1];

see In re Jimenez (1978) 21 Cal.3d 595, 611.) “Voluntariness does not turn on any

one fact, no matter how apparently significant, but rather on the ‘totality of [the]

circumstances.’ ” (People v. Neal, supra, at p. ___ [15]; Withrow v. Williams

(1993) 507 U.S. 680, 688-690.)

Under federal standards, the prosecution “must demonstrate the

voluntariness of a confession by a preponderance of the evidence.” (People v.

Bradford (1997) 14 Cal.4th 1005, 1033, citing Colorado v. Connelly (1986) 479

U.S. 157, 168.) California courts use this standard for crimes committed after the

June 8, 1982, enactment of article I, section 28 of the California Constitution,

which as pertinent here prohibits the exclusion in criminal cases of relevant

evidence not required to be excluded under the federal Constitution. (People v.

Markham (1989) 49 Cal.3d 63, 71; see In re Lance W. (1985) 37 Cal.3d 873.) But

for crimes committed before article I, section 28’s June 8, 1982, enactment, the

29

prosecution “must prove voluntariness beyond a reasonable doubt.” (People v.

Thompson (1990) 50 Cal.3d 134, 166; In re Jimenez, supra, 21 Cal.3d at p. 608.)

Here, the December 1975 murder of Abono, and the January 1981 murder of

Duarte were both committed before the enactment of article I, section 28. Thus,

for those two crimes the prosecution had to prove that defendant’s statements

made after he asserted his right to counsel were voluntary beyond a reasonable

doubt. Only for the August 1985 killing of Weber did the lower preponderance of

the evidence standard for voluntariness apply.

In ruling on defendant’s suppression motion in this case, the trial court

applied the stricter beyond a reasonable doubt standard in determining that

defendant had voluntarily confessed to all three murders. We “ ‘independently

determine’ ” voluntariness while accepting “ ‘the trial court’s resolution of

disputed facts and inferences, and its evaluations of credibility, if supported by

substantial evidence.’ ” (People v. Storm, supra, 28 Cal.4th at pp. 1022-1023.)

Nonetheless, we agree with the trial court that the prosecution proved beyond a

reasonable doubt that defendant voluntarily confessed to all three murders. We

likewise conclude that the confessions were not the tainted by a violation of

defendant’s Miranda rights.

Defendant’s initial effort to invoke his right to counsel on April 26, 1986,

shortly after his arrival at the Nevada County jail was equivocal and therefore

inadequate to invoke the rule that all questioning must cease. (Davis v. United

States, supra, 512 U.S. at p. 459.) Later that evening, when defendant

unequivocally told Detective Tye he wanted an attorney, Tye stopped his

questioning and properly advised defendant that none of the homicide

investigators could question him unless defendant initiated contact with them.

(Edwards v. Arizona, supra, 451 U.S. at p. 482.) Some 24 hours later, defendant

summoned a jail guard and asked for the homicide investigators to come back so

30

he could admit to three murders. (Cunningham, supra, 25 Cal.4th at p. 992.)

Thereafter, he gave investigators a detailed account of the murders and led them to

the crime scenes. Defendant was over 30, obviously intelligent and well-

acquainted with the criminal justice system. The totality of circumstances show

his decision to summon the investigators was not the result of coercion. On these

facts, voluntariness is established beyond a reasonable doubt. (Cf. People v. Neal,

supra, ____ Cal.4th at pp. ___-___ [19-22].)



3. California law before June 8, 1982

Citing

People v. Burton (1971) 6 Cal.3d 375, 382 and People v. Randall

(1970) 1 Cal.3d 948, 955, defendant contends that under California law as it

existed before the June 8, 1982, enactment of article I, section 28 of the California

Constitution (prohibiting the exclusion in criminal cases of relevant evidence not

required to be excluded under the federal Constitution), an equivocal invocation of

the right to counsel was sufficient to invoke the California Constitution’s self-

incrimination clause. Because the trial court suppressed defendant’s statements to

the detectives on April 25, 1986 based on his equivocal assertion “maybe I should

have an attorney,” defendant argues here that his later confessions to the three

murders should also have been suppressed as “the tainted product of” the

detectives’ unlawful interrogation of him on April 25. (See People v. Sims (1993)

5 Cal.4th 405, 445 [applying a “fruit of the poisonous tree” analysis to a

“subsequent confession”]; but see People v. Bradford, supra, 14 Cal.4th at

p. 1041, fn. 3 [rejecting that analysis].) We disagree.

In addressing this argument, we assume that the trial court was correct in

suppressing defendant’s April 25 statements to the detectives as necessary to

protect his California Constitutional right against self-incrimination with respect to

the murders of Abono and Duarte, both of which predated the enactment of article

I, section 28. And we also assume that California law would require the

31

suppression of a later confession that was the tainted product of statements made

after an earlier equivocal assertion of the right to counsel. We conclude, however,

that defendant’s confessions to the three murders on April 26, 27, and 28 were not

the tainted product of his April 25 interrogation because an intervening

independent act by defendant broke any possible causal link between the April 25

interrogation and his later confessions. (See People v. Rich (1988) 45 Cal.3d

1036, 1081 [explaining that “ ‘an intervening independent act by defendant’ ” will

“purge[] any taint from the initial suppressed confession”]; People v. Sesslin

(1968) 68 Cal.2d 418, 428.)

As we have already discussed, during questioning by Detective Tye on the

evening of April 25, defendant unequivocally said he wanted an attorney. Tye

immediately stopped questioning and told defendant there could be no further

questioning by any of the homicide investigators unless defendant initiated contact

with them. The next evening, defendant did so. Defendant’s confessions to the

murders introduced against him at his capital trial were made after defendant’s

independent intervening act of summoning the homicide detectives.

4. Other contentions

Defendant further contends that his statements should have been suppressed

on the independent ground that they were obtained in violation of sections 821 and

825. At the time of defendant’s 1986 arrest, the former provided that when a

defendant is arrested on a warrant “in another county,” the arresting officer must

advise the defendant “of his right to be taken before a magistrate in that county.”

(§ 821.) The latter provided for the defendant to be taken “before the magistrate

without unnecessary delay, and, in any event, within two days after his arrest,

excluding Sundays and holidays.” (§ 825, as amended by Stats. 1961, ch. 2209,

§ 1, p. 4554.) Defendant observes that he was arrested in Nevada County on an

outstanding felony warrant issued by Butte County for the charge of felon in

32

possession of a concealable firearm, and that his arrest was on April 25, 1986, a

Friday. On the evening of Saturday, April 26, defendant first confessed to killing

Weber, Duarte, and Abono, and he was arraigned in Contra Costa County on

murder charges involving those killings on Wednesday April 30.

In the trial court, defendant complained of the four-day delay between his

April 26 murder confessions and his arraignment on those murders. At the hearing

on defendant’s suppression motion, Detective Tye attributed that delay to efforts

to coordinate the cases with the involved counties, which included Contra Costa

(where defendant killed Duarte and Abono) and Colusa (where defendant killed

Weber), as well as Butte County (where defendant’s mother’s body was found),

and the decision whether to charge defendant with a fourth count of murder

involving his mother.

In this court, defendant complains of the five-day delay between his April

25 arrest and his April 30 arraignment but concedes that he did not object to that

delay in the trial court. Accordingly, the point is not preserved for appeal. In any

event, it lacks merit. Even before the enactment of California Constitution article

I, section 28, which, as pertinent here, limited the suppression of relevant evidence

in criminal cases (see In re Lance W., supra, 37 Cal.3d 873), delay in arraignment

would justify suppressing a confession only upon a defendant’s showing that the

confession was the product of an illegal detention. (People v. Thompson (1980)

27 Cal.3d 303, 329-330.) Defendant made no such showing here, nor could he

because the murder confessions were not the product of any illegal delay in

arraigning him on the Butte County felon-in-possession charge. Arraignment on

that charge on Monday, April 28, would have satisfied section 825’s “two-day”

timeliness requirement. By that time, however, defendant had already given

detailed confessions to the three murders, and he had led authorities to the

locations of the Duarte and Abono killings. On these facts, defendant’s

33

confessions were not the product of the prosecution’s failure to timely arraign him

on the firearm-possession warrant on Monday, April 28.

With respect to defendant’s related claim that his detention violated the

search and seizure clauses of the federal and state Constitutions (U.S. Const., 4th

Amend.; Cal. Const., art. I, § 13; County of Riverside v. McLaughlin (1991) 500

U.S. 44), that issue was not raised in the trial court and thus is not properly before

us (People v. Earp (1999) 20 Cal.4th 826, 882). In any event, it is meritless. As

we have already explained, defendant’s detention after his arrest on an outstanding

warrant was not unlawful.

E. Withholding Access to a Reporter’s Unpublished Notes of an

Interview with Defendant

1. Trial court proceedings

Some two weeks after defendant’s arrest in this case, news reporter Erin

Hallissy interviewed him for about two hours in the Contra Costa County jail. On

May 10, 1986, Hallissy’s article entitled I Killed Many for Pay, Says Sapp

appeared on the front page of the Contra Costa Times newspaper. In January

1987, defendant served Hallissy with a subpoena demanding her presence at the

preliminary hearing then scheduled for February 9, 1987, and requiring her to

bring her “notes, memoranda, tapes of interviews, and statements taken at the

interview.” On Hallissy’s motion asserting the newsperson’s shield law (Evid.

Code, § 1070), the magistrate quashed the subpoena, ruling that Hallissy could

provide no relevant, admissible evidence for purposes of the preliminary hearing,

and that defendant was not entitled to use that hearing “for the purpose of

discovery.”

At the preliminary hearing, the magistrate held defendant to answer on the

charges in this case. Thereafter, defendant moved in the superior court to dismiss

34

the information. (§ 995.) Among the grounds asserted was the magistrate’s

quashing of the Hallissy subpoena. According to defendant, the magistrate’s order

violated defendant’s “substantial right[s]” by preventing him from calling a

witness at the preliminary hearing who could assist in the preparation of his

defense. Specifically, defendant asserted that because most of the evidence

against him “comes from [his] own mouth,” and he “says different things at

different times,” all of his statements to Hallissy regarding the charged crimes

would be relevant to preparing his defense.

The superior court, noting that the source of the information sought to be

protected was “the very person seeking disclosure,” ruled that the newsperson’s

shield law did not apply to Hallissy’s notes of her interview with defendant. On

that basis, without setting aside the information, it remanded the matter to the

magistrate to reconvene the preliminary hearing. At that hearing, Hallissy

appeared as a witness. Defense counsel sought to question her about unpublished

information obtained in her interview with defendant, but she refused to answer

the questions. Accordingly, the magistrate held Hallissy in contempt of court and

ordered her into custody. On Hallissy’s petition to this court, we stayed execution

of the contempt order and transferred the matter to the Court of Appeal, directing

it to issue an alternative writ.

2. Court of Appeal proceedings

The Court of Appeal, in a published decision, Hallissy v. Superior Court

(1988) 200 Cal.App.3d 1038 (Hallissy), issued a peremptory writ of mandate,

vacating the superior court’s remand order and the magistrate’s contempt order.

(Id. at p. 1046.) The court concluded that the remand to the magistrate was

unauthorized by section 995, subdivision (b)(1), which allows a remand without

setting aside an information only for the correction of “ ‘minor errors of omission,

ambiguity, or technical defect[s].’ ” (Hallissy, supra, at pp. 1042-1043, italics in

35

Hallissy omitted.) The Court of Appeal nonetheless, as “guidance [for] the trial

court,” addressed issues pertaining to the newsperson’s shield law and the

magistrate’s order. (Id. at p. 1044.)

Hallissy described the newsperson’s shield law as generally conferring

immunity from contempt “when a nonparty witness refuses to disclose . . . covered

information.” (Hallissy, supra, 200 Cal.App.3d at p. 1045.) Notwithstanding that

immunity, the court added, a criminal defendant may be entitled to discover

information otherwise subject to the shield law. (Ibid.) Quoting Hammarley v.

Superior Court (1979) 89 Cal.App.3d 388, the Hallissy court noted that “ ‘the

burden is on the party seeking to avoid the [newsperson’s] privilege competently

to demonstrate not only that the evidence sought is relevant and necessary to his

case, but that it is not available from a source less intrusive upon the privilege.’ ”

(Hallissy, supra, at pp. 1045-1046.) That burden requires a defendant to show “ ‘a

reasonable possibility that the evidence sought might result in his exoneration.’ ”

(Id. at p. 1046)

The Court of Appeal in Hallissy concluded that defendant had not satisfied

that burden. It stated: “Sapp comes close to meeting only one of the several

concomitants of the presentation described in Hammarley. Arguably he

approaches an adequate showing of relevancy: he wishes to attack his own

credibility by using inconsistent statements that he made to the reporter during the

interview. But he has made no attempt to demonstrate that this particular item of

evidence, if it exists, is necessary to his case, the second prong of Hammarley. In

fact he concedes there are other individuals to whom he confessed and through

whom he could prove the falsity of his confessions. This concession destroys any

possibility that he can meet the third and fourth Hammarley hurdles: that the

information he seeks is not available from a source less intrusive upon the

privilege and that there is a reasonable possibility such evidence might result in his

36

exoneration. Not only has he not met that burden he has proved the opposite:

there are numerous nonprivileged sources of apparently fungible inconsistent

statements by Sapp.” (Hallissy, supra, 200 Cal.App.3d at p. 1046.)

3. Our decision disapproving Hallissy

In May 1990, before trial began in this case, this court decided Delaney v.

Superior Court (1990) 50 Cal.3d 785 (Delaney), and addressed several issues

pertaining to the newsperson’s shield law. Notably, Delaney adopted a different

and less onerous test for a criminal defendant’s discovery of information covered

by the shield law than the one set out in Hammarley, supra, 89 Cal.App.3d 388,

and reiterated by the Court of Appeal in Hallissy, supra, 200 Cal.App.3d at page

1046 when discussing the motion in defendant’s case. Delaney states: “First, the

burden is on the criminal defendant to make the required showing. [Citation.]

Second, the defendant’s showing need not be detailed or specific, but it must rest

on more than mere speculation. Third, the defendant need not show a reasonable

possibility the information will lead to his exoneration. He need show only a

reasonable possibility the information will materially assist his defense.”

(Delaney, supra, 50 Cal.3d at p. 809, 2d italics omitted.)

In

addition,

Delaney rejected “a universal and inflexible alternative-source

requirement” in criminal cases, and specifically disapproved contrary suggestions

in Hammarley, supra, 89 Cal.App.3d at page 399, and Hallissy, supra, 200

Cal.App.3d at page 1046, on that point. (Delaney, supra, 50 Cal.3d at p. 812; id.

at p. 813 & fn. 29.)

Finally, in discussing the interests to be protected by the shield law,

Delaney observed that some circumstances “may, as a practical matter, render

moot the need to avoid disclosure,” and gave as an example a situation in which

the criminal defendant seeking disclosure is himself the source of the

information, [when] it cannot be seriously argued the source (the defendant) will

37

feel that his confidence has been breached.” (Delaney, supra, 50 Cal.3d at p. 810,

italics added.) In a footnote, Delaney made a specific reference to this case,

stating: “Such was the situation in Hallissy v. Superior Court, supra, 200

Cal.App.3d 1038. A reporter published a story based on an interview with a

criminal defendant that led to additional charges being filed against him. He

sought to question the reporter to show the published statements were inconsistent

with other statements the defendant had made to the reporter. The trial court

correctly noted that ‘The source of the information is the very person who is

seeking full disclosure.’ (Id. at p. 1042.) The Court of Appeal, however, paid no

heed to this circumstance in reversing the order of contempt against the reporter.

As explained above, such circumstance is significant. We disapprove Hallissy to

the extent it did not consider the fact that the party seeking disclosure was the

source of the unpublished information.” (Delaney, supra, at pp. 810-811, fn. 27.)

Thus, this court’s decision in Delaney, supra, 50 Cal.3d 785, rejected the

Court of Appeal’s analysis in Hallissy, supra, 200 Cal.App.3d 1038, for three key

reasons: First, Hallissy concluded that defendant had to but failed to show the

reporter’s unpublished notes would lead to his exoneration (id. at p. 1046),

whereas Delaney held a defendant need only show “a reasonable possibility the

information will materially assist his defense” (Delaney, at p. 809, italics omitted).

Second, Hallissy determined that defendant failed to show “that the information he

seeks is not available from a source less intrusive upon the privilege” (Hallissy at

p. 1046), but Delaney held there was no universal and inflexible alternative source

requirement (Delaney at p. 812). Third, Hallissy ignored the fact that defendant

was the source of the information he sought, whereas Delaney held that this

circumstance “may, as a practical matter, render moot the need to avoid

disclosure” (Delaney at p. 810).

38

4. Defendant’s contentions

Defendant asserts here that because of the Court of Appeal’s decision in

Hallissy, supra, 200 Cal.App.3d 1038, which Delaney, supra, 50 Cal.3d 785,

disapproved on three points, he was denied access to the unpublished statements

he had made to Contra Costa Times reporter Erin Hallissy. He further asserts that

those statements likely would have contradicted statements he made to the

investigating officers, and thus the unpublished statements, if introduced at his

capital trial, would have aided his defense that he was a chronic false confessor.

Defendant acknowledges that the law of the case doctrine generally

requires that an interlocutory appellate decision “must be adhered to throughout”

the future progress of the case it decided (People v. Stanley (1995) 10 Cal.4th 764,

786), and that this rule, if applied here, would mean that the Hallissy court’s

interpretation of the newsperson’s shield law would be binding on defendant’s

automatic appeal. He points out, however, that under an exception to the law of

the case doctrine, an interlocutory decision in a case is not binding during later

proceedings in that case if before those proceedings a decision in another case has

“altered or clarified” controlling rules of law. (People v. Stanley, supra, at p. 787.)

This, he asserts, is the situation here. Before defendant’s capital trial, Delaney,

supra, 50 Cal.3d 785, “altered or clarified” controlling rules of law with respect to

the newsperson’s shield law.

Even assuming that defendant is correct in his assertion that the situation

here falls within an exception to the law of the case doctrine, his claim must fail,

as we explain below.

We filed our decision in Delaney, supra, 50 Cal.3d 785, in May 1990.

Defendant’s capital trial did not begin until January 1991. Yet in the intervening

seven months after Delaney altered or clarified the rules governing a criminal

defendant’s access to unpublished reporter’s notes, defendant never sought to

39

subpoena or otherwise obtain the unpublished notes of his 1986 interview with

Erin Hallissy. As defendant concedes, after July 6, 1988, when the Court of

Appeal’s writ of mandate issued vacating the magistrate’s contempt order, “[n]o

further reference to the Hallissy matter appears in the record.” Accordingly,

defendant cannot now complain that the trial court refused to apply the Delaney

standard in his case.

Moreover, even if we assume that defendant was erroneously denied access

to his own statements made to reporter Hallissy, and that those statements

substantially contradicted his confessions to law enforcement officers regarding

the murders of victims Weber, Duarte, and Abono, defendant would not be

entitled to relief. Because of the other strong evidence linking defendant to the

killings of Weber, Duarte, and Abono, we are persuaded that the jury’s

consideration of defendant’s self-serving denials to a newspaper reporter would

not have altered the outcome of any of the murder charges or of the multiple-

murder special-circumstance allegation. (See People v. Cooper (1991) 53 Cal.3d

771, 820.) With respect to the financial gain special circumstances, which

substantially relied on defendant’s admissions to the investigating officers,

defendant arguably could establish prejudice if the reporter’s unpublished notes of

defendant’s statements to the reporter showed that he had denied killing Weber

and Duarte for money. In that situation the jury, faced with such contradictory

statements by defendant about the role financial gain played in motivating his

killings of Weber and Duarte, might have rejected one or both of the financial-gain

special-circumstance allegations. But the record here is devoid of any suggestion

that the reporter’s unpublished notes included any denial by defendant that he

committed these two murders for financial gain. On these facts, defendant has not

shown that depriving him of access to Hallissy’s unpublished interview notes

40

prejudiced his defense to the two financial-gain special-circumstance allegations.

(Ibid.)

IV. GUILT PHASE ISSUES

A. Introduction of Certain Statements by Defendant

At trial, the prosecution introduced evidence of defendant’s confessions to

law enforcement that he had murdered Weber, Duarte, and Abono. The

prosecution also played for the jury recordings of the interrogation sessions during

which defendant confessed, and it provided the jury with transcripts of the

recordings. Both the tapes and the transcripts were “redacted” versions of the

interrogation sessions, as the trial court excluded evidence of some parts of those

sessions. Defendant complains here of 11 statements that were not ordered

omitted and consequently were included in the materials given to the jury. He

seeks reversal on the ground that the introduction of those 11 statements violated

the Fifth, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendments to the federal Constitution,

asserting the statements indicated to the jury that defendant had committed other

uncharged murders. We reject the contentions.

Of the 11 statements challenged here, defendant concedes that he objected

only to four, and that his objections referred not to the federal Constitution but

only to Evidence Code section 352, a state law authorizing a trial court to exclude

evidence when “its probative value is substantially outweighed by the probability

that its admission will (a) necessitate undue consumption of time or (b) create

substantial danger of undue prejudice, of confusing the issues, or of misleading the

jury.” Thus, with respect to all 11 statements defendant may not now claim denial

of federal constitutional rights, and with regard to the seven not objected to on any

ground he has not preserved any claim at all. (People v. Earp, supra, 20 Cal.4th at

p. 882.) In any event, we are not persuaded that the trial court’s admission of the

11 statements unduly prejudiced defendant.

41



In one of the four statements to which defendant objected on the ground of

being more prejudicial than probative (Evid. Code, § 352), defendant gave this

response to a question why he had not killed Abono at defendant’s house:

“Because I don’t like transporting bodies. I’d rather have them right . . . on the

spot.” This comment was probative of defendant’s mental state when he killed

Abono, because it supported the prosecution’s theory that he had planned the

killing and thus acted with the requisite premeditation and deliberation for first

degree murder. It did not implicate defendant in killings other than those involved

here, all three of which took place in the remote areas where defendant left or

buried the bodies.

In the second instance, defendant gave this response to a question why he

shot Abono with a .22-caliber pistol: “I’ll kill people with a variety of weapons. I

don’t have any specific choice.” This statement too was probative of defendant’s

guilt of killing the three victims here, each of whom was shot with a different

caliber pistol (Abono: .22-caliber; Duarte: .38-caliber; Weber: 9-mm.). It

negated any implication from the use of different caliber firearms that defendant

was not the killer in each case. And because the charged crimes themselves

involved “a variety of weapons,” the statement did not suggest to the jury that

defendant had committed murders in addition to those charged.

In the third instance, defendant gave this answer to a question about

remorse for killing Abono: “Every time I’ve ever done any of these crimes, I

wished I hadn’t.” Defendant’s generic reference to “any of these crimes” did not

suggest that he had committed murders other than those charged here.

In the fourth instance, when defendant was questioned about having

nightmares after killing Abono, defendant answered: “I dream about everybody

I’ve ever killed, and I see them walking on the streets sometimes . . . when I’m

awake . . . . I’ve seen John [Abono] a few times. I’ve seen other people that I’ve

42

murdered look me square in the face in a crowd of people . . . . I’ve seen people

look at me, like Elizabeth Duarte and Robert Weber in the last week – look me

square in the eye – it gets kinda scary, and I usually just keep on going, but I have

seen – I’ve seen people I’ve murdered. I’ve seen people that look like them. . . .

[T]hey’re smiling at me. . . . All of them. Always.” This statement too, although

referring to “other people I’ve murdered,” mentions by name just the three victims

here: Abono, Duarte, and Weber. In context, the jury would not have understood

the statement as an admission of defendant’s guilt to uncharged murders.

With respect to the seven statements not objected to, we are satisfied that

the outcome in this case would not have been different had those statements not

been introduced at trial as part of defendant’s confessions to the charged crimes.

We likewise reject defendant’s assertion of ineffective assistance of trial counsel

in failing to object to the statements. Their admission could not have affected the

reliability of the trial process. (Strickland v. Washington, supra, 466 U.S. at

pp. 686, 690; People v. Earp, supra, 20 Cal.4th at pp. 870, 874.) Some of the

statements showed defendant to be remorseful or supported his claim to be a

chronic false confessor. At least as to these, because the evidence would assist the

defense, counsel’s choice to forgo any objection may have been tactical.

B. Providing the Jury with Redacted Transcripts of the Interrogations

Defendant also claims error in the admission of the redacted transcripts that

were provided to the jury when the prosecutor played the recordings of the

interrogation sessions during which defendant confessed to the three killings.

Defendant asserts that “gaping blanks in the text” would have alerted jurors to his

commission of uncharged crimes. Defendant contends the prosecutor exacerbated

the problem when, in response to the trial court’s question how he wanted to

proceed, stated: “It’s not up to me, Judge, we have already been through this and

we [were] prepared to proceed. What goes on now is up to the Court and

43

counsel.” Defendant contends the jurors would have understood this comment to

mean that “there was something on the tape the defense did not wish the jury to

hear.” Defendant cites the United States Supreme Court’s decision in Gray v.

Maryland (1998) 523 U.S. 185 (Gray) to draw an analogy between the redacted

transcripts of the recordings of defendant’s interrogation sessions and Gray’s

treatment of redactions in applying the Bruton rule (Bruton v. United States (1968)
391 U.S. 123). The Bruton rule allows admission in a joint trial of one

defendant’s confession naming and incriminating another only if all direct and

indirect identifications of the nondeclarant defendant are effectively deleted.

(Ibid.; see also People v. Aranda (1965) 63 Cal.2d 518; People v. Johnson (1989)

47 Cal.3d 1194, 1230.)

We note at the outset that defendant objected to providing the jury with a

transcript of the recordings. But after the trial court overruled that objection,

defendant did not object to the blank spaces in the transcript text. Thus, he has not

preserved this issue for review. (People v. Earp, supra, 20 Cal.4th at p. 882.)

Moreover, the analogy to Gray, supra, 523 U.S. 185, is not well taken.

In

Gray, the high court rejected, as an insufficient deletion of a jointly tried

codefendant’s identity, the use of a blank space or the word “deleted” in the

confessing defendant’s statement that “Me, [blank], and a few other guys [attacked

the victim].” (Gray, supra, 523 U.S. at p. 192.) The deletion, in context, was

plainly a name of a person involved with the confessing defendant in the charged

crime; jurors in all likelihood would have filled in the blank space with the name

of the nonconfessing codefendant present in court. (Ibid.) Here, the blank

portions of the transcript were far more lengthy, extending for several sentences or

half a page. The content of the deleted material was not readily discernable.

Assuming that the prosecutor’s brief comment would have suggested to the

jury that defendant was responsible for the deletions, defendant suffered no

44

prejudice. It is not reasonably probable that the jury would have returned verdicts

more favorable to defendant had the prosecutor not made the comment.

C. Cross-examination of Deputy District Attorney Lawrence Barnes

To show that defendant had a history of confessing to murders he had not

committed, the defense called Contra Costa County Deputy District Attorney

Lawrence Barnes. He testified that in 1986 and 1987, he had prosecuted one Larry

Leroy Brownson for the October 1984 murder of Roger Gardner. Defendant (who

in 1986 and 1987 was in custody awaiting trial in this case) came forward at the

time of Brownson’s bail hearing and confessed to killing Gardner. At Brownson’s

trial, defendant testified for the defense consistent with that confession. Barnes

had not believed defendant’s confession and, testifying in this case as an expert

witness, gave his reasons: Defendant’s description of the Gardner killing differed

in key respects from the physical evidence, and defendant had much to gain from

“taking the rap” for Brownson who, as a Hell’s Angel and high-level member of

the Aryan Brotherhood prison gang, could make life easier for defendant in the

California prison system.

When the prosecutor cross-examined Barnes, he asked, among other things,

about Barnes’s cross-examination of defendant in the Brownson case. With no

objection by defense counsel, this exchange took place:

Prosecutor: “And then you asked [defendant] if since October of 1984 [the

time of the Gardner killing] had he committed any other crimes?”

Barnes: “Did I ask that question?”

Prosecutor: “And he said numerous[?]”

Barnes: “Correct.”

Prosecutor: “And you asked him if he had committed any other

homicides[?]”

Barnes: “I did.”

45



Prosecutor: “His response?”

Barnes: “He responded that he had.”

Defendant now contends that “[t]here was no justification . . . for allowing

the jury to hear that [defendant] claimed to have committed numerous crimes after

October 1984, including one or more homicides.” He asserts that in eliciting that

information, which defendant characterizes as “propensity evidence,” the

prosecutor committed misconduct rendering defendant’s capital trial

fundamentally unfair and the death verdict unreliable. He further accuses his trial

counsel of incompetence for not objecting to the prosecutor’s questions. We reject

these contentions.

A claim of prosecutorial misconduct is generally reviewable on appeal only

if the defense makes a timely objection at trial and asks the trial court to admonish

the jury to disregard the prosecutor’s question. (People v. Earp, supra, 20 Cal.4th

at p. 858; People v. Price (1991) 1 Cal.4th 324, 447.) “ ‘[O]therwise, the point is

reviewable only if an admonition would not have cured the harm.’ ” (People v.

Earp, supra, at p. 858.) Here, any harm could have been cured by an admonition;

thus the claim in question is not preserved for appeal.

In any event, defendant suffered no possible prejudice from this testimony.

The jury already knew from the prosecution’s case that defendant had confessed to

one homicide committed after October 1984, namely the August 1985 killing of

Weber, and that he had committed “other crimes” after 1984, namely the Weber

killing and possession by a felon of a concealable firearm. Moreover, the defense

in this case was that defendant habitually confessed to crimes he had not

committed. The evidence the prosecutor elicited was not inconsistent with that

defense. For this reason, we also reject defendant’s contention that his trial

counsel was ineffective for not objecting to the prosecutor’s line of questioning.

46

D. Duarte’s Declaration in Support of Restraining Order

In connection with testimony that murder victim Duarte had obtained a

restraining order against defendant, the prosecutor moved into evidence the

restraining order and supporting court documents. Included was Duarte’s

declaration of July 17, 1980 (some six months before her murder) detailing facts to

justify the restraining order. These included assertions that defendant had

“pounded [Duarte’s] head against the wall and threw [her] to the ground,”

“destroyed [Duarte’s] phones to prevent [her] from calling the police,” and

repeatedly threatened to kill Duarte “if [she] did not let him continue to reside in

[her] home.” Duarte’s declaration further stated that she had changed the locks on

her doors but defendant “managed to break in through windows,” that defendant

carried “a gun on his person at all times,” that she believed he had “a history of

mental illness,” and that she feared for her own life and that of her then four-year-

old son.

Citing

People v. Noguera (1992) 4 Cal.4th 599, 621, defendant asserts that

Duarte’s statements were inadmissible hearsay, and not relevant to any issue in the

case (see People v. Hernandez (2003) 30 Cal.4th 835, 872-873), and that

consequently trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance in not objecting to

Duarte’s declaration. The Attorney General observes that “the decision whether to

object is inherently tactical,” and thus “will seldom establish incompetence.”

(People. v. Freeman (1994) 8 Cal.4th 450, 490-491.) He asserts that counsel had a

tactical reason for failing to object to the declaration: It supported the defense

efforts to portray defendant “not [as] a cold-blooded killer, [but as] a mentally ill

person who murdered [Duarte] out of a fit of rage, after being rejected by her.”

Whether or not counsel had a sound tactical reason for objecting to

admission of Duarte’s declaration, defendant’s claim of ineffective assistance of

counsel must fail. Given the overwhelming evidence that defendant killed his

47

former girlfriend Duarte, he suffered no possible prejudice from the admission into

evidence of Duarte’s declaration asserting that he was violent and had threatened

to kill her. (See Strickland v. Washington, supra, 466 U.S. at p. 697.)

E. Threat to Laura Norris

After Duarte broke up with defendant, she started dating James Luddon. In

January 1981, defendant paid Luddon $800 to lure Duarte to Luddon’s house so

defendant could kill her. At that time, Laura Norris and her husband, Tony

Goularte, were living with Luddon. Norris testified for the prosecution that

defendant saw Luddon in January 1981, both before and after Duarte’s

disappearance; that defendant made incriminating comments; and that on January

25, 1981 (the day after defendant’s violent assault on Duarte at Luddon’s house),

Norris cleaned up blood splatters from the bathroom and hallway.

On cross-examination by the defense Norris said she did not tell the police

“about this matter” until they contacted her in 1985. On redirect examination by

the prosecution, Norris explained that she had not come forward earlier “because I

was afraid for my own life.” Recross-examination by defense counsel established

that defendant had never threatened Norris. The prosecution then sought to

question Norris about a threat Luddon and Goularte made to her when she asked

them what would happen if she gave the police information linking defendant to

Duarte’s disappearance. Defense counsel objected that Norris’s answer would be

hearsay and more prejudicial than probative. The trial court overruled the

objection. Norris responded that Luddon and Goularte had told her that if she

went to the police she “would end up just like Liz [Duarte].”

Defendant now contends that Norris’s testimony about the threat rendered

the trial fundamentally unfair in violation of his due process rights under the

federal Constitution. This claim was not raised in the trial court and thus is not

properly before us. (People v. Earp, supra, 20 Cal.4th at p. 882.) Moreover, the

48

claim lacks merit. Norris’s testimony that Luddon and Goularte had told her that

if she went to the police she would end up “just like Liz” was properly admitted

for the nonhearsay purpose of showing why Norris had not come forward sooner.

(Evid. Code, § 780; People v. Olguin (1994) 31 Cal.App.4th 1355, 1368.) “It is

not necessary to show threats against the witness were made by the defendant

personally, or the witness’s fear of retaliation is directly linked to the defendant for

the evidence to be admissible.” (People v. Olguin, supra, at p. 1368.)

In any event, under any standard, defendant suffered no possible prejudice,

for the evidence that he killed Duarte was overwhelming.

F. No Instruction on CALJIC No. 2.50

Defendant

contends

the trial court should have on its own initiative

instructed the jury under CALJIC No. 2.50, which provides: “Evidence has been

introduced for the purpose of showing that the defendant committed crimes other

than that for which he is on trial. Such evidence, if believed . . . may not be

considered by you to prove that defendant is a person of bad character or that he

has a disposition to commit crimes.” In the alternative, defendant argues that

defense counsel was ineffective in not requesting the instruction. As we did in

People v. Hawkins (1995) 10 Cal.4th 920, 942, we reject both contentions. In that

case, the other crimes evidence was cross-admissible. (Ibid.) Here, we have

concluded that evidence of the two other murders was cross-admissible, at least to

rebut the defense. (Pt. III. B, ante.) No instruction on propensity evidence was

therefore warranted.

G. Weber’s Statement That He Had $17,000

Defendant also faults counsel for failing to object to certain testimony by

Weber’s girlfriend, Linda Brown, as hearsay. Brown testified that before Weber

left to meet defendant for a “big drug deal,” he told her he was taking $17,000

with him. We note that the prosecution, through the testimony of Brown and

49

Weber’s brother Michael, presented evidence independent of Weber’s statements

that when Weber left to meet defendant for the drug deal he took with him a

substantial sum of money. Defendant contends he was nonetheless prejudiced by

the hearsay testimony because it allowed the prosecutor to argue in support of the

financial gain special circumstance involving Weber that the $27,000 in cash that

defendant had when he was arrested in April 1986, exactly equaled Weber’s

missing $17,000 plus the $10,000 defendant said he was paid to kill Weber. We

reject the claim because we cannot tell on this record whether the failure to object

lacked a valid tactical basis. (See People. v. Freeman, supra, 8 Cal.4th at pp. 490-

491.)

V. SPECIAL CIRCUMSTANCES

A. Evidence That Duarte Killing Was Carried Out for Financial Gain

With respect to the Duarte killing, the jury found true the special

circumstance that the murder was “carried out for financial gain.” (§ 190.2, subd.

(a)(1).) Defendant contends that finding was not supported by substantial

evidence. We disagree.

“To determine the sufficiency of the evidence to support a special

circumstance finding, we apply the same test used to determine the sufficiency of

the evidence to support a conviction of a criminal offense. We ‘review the whole

record in the light most favorable to the judgment below to determine whether it

discloses substantial evidence – that is, evidence which is reasonable, credible, and

of solid value – such that a reasonable trier of fact could find the defendant guilty

beyond a reasonable doubt.’ ” (People v. Mayfield, supra, 14 Cal.4th at pp. 790-

791.)

In

People v. Noguera, supra, 4 Cal.4th 599, we explained that financial

gain need not have been a “ ‘dominant,’ ‘substantial,’ or ‘significant’ motive for

the murder.” (Id. at p. 635.) “ ‘[T]he relevant inquiry is whether the defendant

50

committed the murder in the expectation that he would thereby obtain the desired

financial gain.’ ” (Id. at p. 636.) Proof that the defendant derived pecuniary

benefit from the murder is unnecessary. (Ibid.) “Defendant either had an

expectation of financial benefit at the time of the killing or he did not. It was for

the jury to make that determination, applying a common sense, nontechnical

understanding of ‘financial gain.’ ” (Ibid.)

Here, the evidence that defendant killed Duarte for financial gain was

included in his confession to police in April 1986, after his arrest on a warrant for

being a felon in possession of a concealable firearm. Defendant told the police

about an incident several months before the killing in which someone was

shooting at him. He concluded Duarte had arranged the incident, so he “made

[his] mind up then that [he] was going to kill her.” Although his reasons for

killing her were strictly “personal,” someone, whom defendant refused to name,

had offered him $20,000 to kill Duarte, and that, he said, “was like an added

bonus.” Defendant never received the money.

This evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the judgment, if

accepted by the jury, was sufficient to support its finding that the Duarte murder

was carried out for financial gain.

According to defendant, our decision in People v. Noguera, supra, 4

Cal.4th 599, misconstrued the financial gain special circumstance as intended “to

apply even where financial gain was not a motivating cause of the killing.”

Defendant criticizes this language in Noguera: “In People v. Howard [(1988) 44

Cal.3d 375], we rejected the claim that the unadorned language of the financial-

gain special-circumstance instruction was flawed because it failed to convey to the

jury any requirement that financial gain be the ‘direct’ or ‘motivating cause’ of the

murder. Instead, we concluded that the drafters intended no such limitation.”

Defendant asserts this was a misreading of Howard, which, he states merely

51

“focus[ed] on three instructions proffered by the defense and [found] them

flawed.” We agree with defendant that the financial gain special circumstance

requires proof, as we said in Howard, that the “purpose” of the murder was to

obtain financial gain, “whether or not achievable.” (People v. Howard, supra, at

p. 410, fn. 10.) This, however, is of no assistance to defendant because the

evidence from his own confession was that financial gain was one purpose (albeit

not the exclusive purpose) for his killing Duarte. Accordingly, we reject his

related contention that the jury’s “true” finding on the financial gain special

circumstance was constitutionally deficient because no juror could have found a

motivating factor to be defendant’s financial gain.

B. Unanimity Instruction

The jury returned a true finding on the special circumstance allegation that

the Weber murder was carried out for financial gain. Defendant asserts that this

finding must be set aside because the trial court failed to instruct on its own

initiative that the jury must unanimously agree on a single act as supporting the

financial gain special circumstance. (Cal. Const., art. I, §§ 7, subd. (a) & 16;

People v. Beardslee (1991) 53 Cal.3d 68, 93 [“ ‘A unanimity instruction is

required . . . if the jurors could . . . disagree which act a defendant committed and

yet convict him of the crime charged’ ” (italics added)]; People v. Mickle (1991)

54 Cal.3d 140, 178 & fn. 21 [applying unanimity requirement to special

circumstance finding].) Defendant further contends that the failure to so instruct

violated the federal Constitution’s Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments by

lightening the prosecution’s burden of proving guilt of the special circumstance

beyond a reasonable doubt. (See Schad v. Arizona (1991) 501 U.S. 624, 632 (plur.

opn. of Souter, J.); id. at p. 652 (dis. opn. of White, J.).)

52



According to defendant, jurors could have relied on two different theories

in finding that he killed Weber for financial gain: his receipt of $10,000 for killing

Weber, or his theft from Weber of $17,000. We disagree.

Relevant here is People v. Mickle, supra, 54 Cal.3d 140, in which the jury,

although instructed that it must unanimously agree on a particular lewd act as

supporting the special circumstance finding (§ 190.2, subd. (a)(17)(v)) had

ambiguously described the act on the verdict form. We concluded that the jury’s

description of the lewd act as involving “ ‘the victim[’]s nudity and [the] obvious

use of force’ ” (People v. Mickle, supra, at p. 177, italics omitted) meant it had

“obviously agreed that a lewd and lascivious act had occurred under one of two

viable, closely connected theories, i.e., that defendant either forcibly undressed

[the victim] or forcibly compelled her to undress herself.” (Id. at p. 178.)

Here, the prosecutor in argument to the jury mentioned the $10,000

payment to defendant and defendant’s theft of Weber’s $17,000 to make the point

that defendant, when arrested some eight months after killing Weber, had on him

$27,439 in cash: “Think about it. He got $10,000 for killing Weber. Mr. Weber

had $17,000. Ask yourself. He didn’t spend any money during the interim[?]

Probably not true. He did. He probably had some more money. [Referring to

defendant]. But the coincidence of the $27,000 is just too much.” “This time

[defendant] gets enriched $17,000 in addition to the ten grand that he was paid up-

front to kill Weber.” The prosecutor also mentioned defendant’s theft of Weber’s

$17,000 to make the points that defendant was lying when he confessed to police

and said that Weber had no money, and that Weber’s $17,000 would technically

belong to the person or persons who had hired defendant to kill Weber, giving

defendant an added incentive to falsely confess to the Brownson killing.

Furthermore, the prosecutor’s sole reference to the financial-gain special

53

circumstance connected it to defendant being paid for the killing: “[T]he fact that

he was paid makes him a professional killer. [¶] Murder for financial gain.”

The prosecutor never suggested the jury could find the financial gain

special circumstance to be true based on either the $10,000 payment for killing

Weber or defendant’s theft of Weber’s $17,000. Rather, the prosecutor’s

argument wove the two incidents together. Accordingly, we are satisfied that no

juror would have believed that defendant took Weber’s $17,000 but would have

disbelieved that he was paid $10,000 for the Weber killing.


C. Applicability of Corpus Delicti Rule to the Financial Gain Special


Circumstance

“In every criminal trial, the prosecution must prove the corpus delicti, or

the body of the crime itself – i.e., the fact of injury, loss, or harm, and the

existence of a criminal agency as its cause. In California, it has traditionally been

held, the prosecution cannot satisfy this burden by relying exclusively upon the

extrajudicial statements, confessions, or admissions of the defendant.” (People v.

Alvarez (2002) 27 Cal.4th 1161, 1168-1169, italics omitted.) In People v. Cantrell

(1973) 8 Cal.3d 672, 680-681, we held that the corpus delicti rule requiring proof

independent of the defendant’s statements did not apply to proof of a felony

underlying a charge of felony murder. But in People v. Mattson (1984) 37 Cal.3d

85, 94, we held that statutory language stating that a felony-murder special

circumstance must be “proved pursuant to the general law” (former § 190.4, subd.

(a)) made the corpus delicti rule requiring proof independent of the defendant’s

54

statements applicable to the felony offense underlying a felony-murder special-

circumstance allegation.2

With regard to special circumstance allegations not based on felony murder,

such as the special circumstances of lying in wait (§ 190.2, subd. (a)(15)) and

financial gain (§ 190.2, subd. (a)(1)), our 1988 decision in People v. Howard,

supra, 44 Cal.3d 375, held that the Mattson rule does not apply because proof of

the special circumstance “does not require proof of the commission of any crime

in addition to the murder itself.” (People v. Howard, supra, at p. 414.)

In this case the trial court, over defense objection, instructed the jury in

accord with our 1988 decision in People v. Howard, supra, 44 Cal.3d 375, that

“[t]he special circumstances of murder for financial gain may be established by the

defendant’s statement alone.” Defendant contends this was federal constitutional

error. Specifically, he asserts that applying the Howard rule to his case for the

1981 murder of Duarte and the 1985 murder of Weber violates the federal

Constitution’s ex post facto clause (U.S. Const., art. I, § 9, cl. 3) by lessening “the

amount or measure of proof” necessary to prove the crime when it was committed.

(Hopt v. Utah (1884) 110 U.S. 574, 589-590.) He also claims our decision in

Howard made an unforeseeable change in the law with respect to proof of special

circumstances other than those based on felony murder, and to apply that rule in

the trial of special circumstance murders committed before Howard violates due

process. (U.S. Const., 5th & 14th Amends.) But defendant fails to cite any case

authority before Howard that applied the corpus delicti rule to a special

circumstance allegation not based on felony murder. Thus, contrary to defendant,


2

Section 190.41, enacted as part of Proposition 115, overturned People v.

Mattson, supra, 37 Cal.3d 85, for crimes committed after June 6, 1990. (See
People v. Ray (1996) 13 Cal.4th 313, 341, fn. 13.)

55

Howard did not unforeseeably change the law or lessen the prosecution’s burden

of proof on the financial gain special circumstances and he is not entitled to relief

on those grounds.


D. Constitutionality of the Multiple Murder and Financial Gain


Special Circumstances

Defendant contends the multiple murder and financial gain special

circumstances in California’s 1978 death penalty law violate the federal

Constitution’s Eighth Amendment in that they fail to “genuinely narrow the class

of persons eligible for the death penalty” (Lowenfield v. Phelps (1988) 484 U.S.

231, 244). We have previously rejected similar claims with respect to the special

circumstances collectively, concluding that “California’s scheme for death

eligibility satisfies the constitutional requirement that it ‘not apply to every

defendant convicted of a murder[, but only] to a subclass of defendants convicted

of murder.’ ” (People v. Arias (1996) 13 Cal.4th 92, 187; People v. Ray, supra, 13

Cal.4th at p. 356.)

According to defendant, the multiple murder and financial gain special

circumstances do not “foreclose[] . . . the prospect of . . . ‘wanton or freakish’

imposition of the death penalty.” (United States v. Cheely (9th Cir. 1994) 36 F.3d

1439, 1445 (Cheely), quoting Furman v. Georgia (1972) 408 U.S. 238, 310 (conc.

opn. of Stewart, J.).) We disagree.

Cheely struck down on Eighth Amendment grounds federal mail-bomb

statutes that authorized the death penalty “for persons guilty of no more than

involuntary manslaughter.” (Cheely, supra, 36 F.3d at p. 1443.) Cheely does not

assist defendant because under the multiple murder and financial gain special

circumstances, no person guilty only of involuntary manslaughter is subject to the

death penalty. To satisfy the requirements of each of California’s special

circumstances, a defendant must be “found guilty of murder in the first degree”

56

and one or more special circumstances must be found “to be true.” (§ 190.2, subd.

(a).) For the multiple murder special circumstance, a defendant must, in the same

proceeding, be convicted not only of first degree murder, but also of “more than

one offense of murder in the first or second degree.” (§ 190.2, subd. (a)(3).) The

financial gain special circumstance requires proof that the killing underlying the

first degree murder conviction was “intentional and carried out for financial gain.”

(§ 190.2, subd. (a)(1).) Neither special circumstance exposes a defendant to the

death penalty for involuntary manslaughter, and thus neither shares the defect

found present in the mail bomb statutes by the majority in Cheely. Indeed, the

Cheely majority would have found the mail bomb statutes constitutional had they

provided “that the sentence of death could be imposed only where serious bodily

harm or death were intended.” (Cheely, supra, 36 F.3d at p. 1445, fn. 15.) “In

such a case, the class of death-eligible defendants would be narrowed to those who

had the mens rea of murderers, and whose chosen method of killing was both

felonious and highly dangerous to third parties.” (Ibid.)

The special circumstances challenged here similarly narrow the class of

death-eligible first degree murderers to those who have killed and killed again, and

those who have killed to obtain personal monetary benefit. Exposing such

defendants to the death penalty is not “wanton or freakish” and does not violate

the Eighth Amendment.

E. Cumulative Effect of Errors

Having rejected on the merits each of defendant’s claims of error, we

likewise reject his contention that he was prejudiced by the cumulative effect of

errors committed before or at the trial on guilt and special circumstances.

57



VI. PENALTY PHASE

A. Cross-examination of a Prosecution Rebuttal Witness

1. Background

At the penalty phase, defendant presented a substantial case in mitigation.

Dr. Arthur Kowell, a neurologist, testified that the Nicolet BEAM machine

showed an abnormality in defendant’s middle-left posterior temporal lobe. A

BEAM test on defendant’s son Richard detected a similar abnormality in the same

area of Richard’s brain. Magnetic resonance imaging or MRI scans showed that

defendant also had a tumor at the base of his skull, near the brain center for

impulse control. According to Dr. Robert Bittle, a psychiatrist, defendant’s

BEAM results indicated both brain damage and organic dysfunction. He stated

that damage to an individual’s left temporal lobe may cause sudden mood shifts

and “aggressive, violent, destructive outbursts.”

Dr. Donald Lunde, a Stanford University professor of clinical psychiatry,

concluded that defendant was raised in a dysfunctional family in which his

mother, Geraldine Sapp, was the dominant figure. Geraldine had “various

problems, including psychiatric” for which she was prescribed powerful anti-

psychotic drugs. She was inappropriately punitive, beating her children with a belt

even for small infractions.

Psychologist Dr. Gretchen White expressed her opinion that defendant had

grown up in an “atmosphere which . . . consistently and systematically

undermined the civilizing influences of authority and societal figures.” His

mother had uncontrollable fits of anger. His oldest brother, Wayne, was in prison

while defendant was growing up. And a first cousin was on death row.

Psychologist Dr. Stephen Pittell, the director of three Bay Area drug

research and treatment centers, testified as an expert on the effects of substance

58

abuse on the central nervous system. From interviews with defendant and his

long-time friends, Dr. Pittell learned that defendant had since age 13 consumed an

extraordinary quantity and variety of controlled substances including marijuana,

LSD, heroin, sedatives, valium, seconal, methamphetamine, cocaine, and sleeping

pills. Dr. Pittell considered defendant to be in the top 5 percent of Bay Area drug

abusers. Defendant’s friends confirmed that defendant would typically ingest one-

half gram of methamphetamine six or seven times during an evening. This

amounted to 3000 milligrams or 15 times what is normally lethal.

Methamphetamine apparently had a calming effect on defendant, who took it to

counteract feelings of anger. Dr. Pittell concluded it worked on defendant in much

the same way that Ritalin (a drug closely related to methamphetamine) tends to

calm hyperactive children.

Psychologist Dr. David Stein, who administered psychological tests to

defendant, concluded that defendant suffers from a poor self-image and creates

“heroic and grandiose kinds of fantasies” to make himself feel better.

The prosecution, on rebuttal, sought to discredit the defense evidence. One

rebuttal witnesses, Dr. Paul Berg, a psychologist, testified that he had reviewed

various documents, including the tapes of defendant’s confessions in this case, his

juvenile court records, the probation report prepared in the felony case of reckless

burning of a dwelling, and the psychological evaluations of defendant. Berg had

also reviewed the transcripts of the defense penalty phase evidence. In his review

of these materials, Dr. Berg saw nothing to suggest that family dysfunction or

brain abnormalities would explain defendant’s criminal behavior. Instead Berg

concluded defendant manifested “an antisocial personality disorder,” which was

characterized by the lack of any restraints from societal prohibitions.

The defense sought to cross-examine Dr. Berg about charges of Medi-Cal

fraud brought against him, some four years before the penalty phase trial, but then

59

dismissed. As defense counsel explained, Berg had been the subject of a

complaint brought by the Attorney General alleging 43 counts of Medi-Cal fraud

dating from 1982 to 1987. When Berg prevailed in his suppression motion, the

Attorney General refiled the complaint but moved to dismiss it after determining

that the remaining evidence was insufficient.

Defense counsel argued that the jury in this case had the right to know that

Dr. Berg was dishonest. He pointed out that in a recent juvenile court matter a

deputy public defender had been allowed to cross-examine Dr. Berg about the

conduct underlying the charges. Counsel stated: “She asked him, as I would

intend to do, if in fact he had committed Medi-Cal fraud. . . . [¶] [After additional

questioning] Dr. Berg took the Fifth Amendment and his previous testimony on

direct [examination was] stricken.”

The trial court, relying on Evidence Code section 352, ruled the proposed

cross-examination on a collateral matter to be more prejudicial than probative,

noting that it would consume too much time and would “divert[] the jury” from its

primary purpose of deciding the appropriate penalty in this case.

2. Discussion

Defendant now contends that the trial court abused its discretion in

disallowing the proposed cross-examination, and that its ruling violated

defendant’s constitutional rights to confront and cross-examine a witness against

him. (U.S. Const., 6th Amend.; Cal. Const., art. I, § 15.) We reject these

contentions.

As we explained in People v. Wheeler (1992) 4 Cal.4th 284 (Wheeler):

“The voters [in enacting Proposition 8] have decreed at the least that in proper

cases . . . conduct involving moral turpitude should be admissible to impeach a

criminal witness. [¶] [But Proposition 8’s] section 28(d) does preserve the trial

court’s discretion to exclude evidence whose probative value is substantially

60

outweighed by its potential for prejudice, confusion, or undue consumption of

time. (Evid. Code, § 352.)” (Id. at p. 295.) “The statute empowers courts to

prevent criminal trials from degenerating into nitpicking wars of attrition over

collateral credibility issues. . . . [¶] . . . Moreover, impeachment evidence other

than felony convictions entails problems of proof, unfair surprise, and moral

turpitude evaluation which felony convictions do not present. Hence, courts may

and should consider with particular care whether the admission of such evidence

might involve undue time, confusion, or prejudice which outweighs its probative

value.” (Id. at pp. 296-297.)

Although

Wheeler, supra, 4 Cal.4th 284 allows for impeaching a witness in

a criminal case with evidence of moral turpitude, it cautions that trial courts should

consider with “particular care” whether to allow such evidence. (Id. at p. 296.)

Here, the trial court acted within its discretion in precluding defense cross-

examination of Dr. Berg about Medi-Cal claims that he submitted years before

petitioner’s trial and that were never proven to be fraudulent.

Defendant

asserts

that

even if proper under state law, the trial court’s ruling

violated his federal constitutional right to confront a witness testifying against

him. We disagree. The federal Constitution’s confrontation right is not absolute;

it leaves room for trial courts to impose reasonable limits on a defense counsel’s

cross-examination of a witness. (Delaware v. Van Arsdall (1986) 475 U.S. 673,

679; People v. Box (2000) 23 Cal.4th 1153, 1203.) We discern no violation of

defendant’s right to confront and cross-examine Dr. Berg in the trial court’s ruling

here. Whether Dr. Berg had or had not filed false claims with Medi-Cal was, at

most, nominally relevant to the subject matter of his testimony: expert opinion

that defendant’s criminal behavior was attributable to antisocial personality

disorder, not brain abnormalities or family dysfunction.

61



Lindh v. Murphy (7th Cir. 1997) 124 F.3d 899, cited by defendant, fails to

support his claim of federal constitutional error. In that case, a divided federal

appeals court granted habeas corpus relief to a defendant who at the “mental state”

phase of his Wisconsin murder trial was precluded from cross-examining a

prosecution expert witness about potential sources of bias. The witness, a

psychiatrist, testified that the defendant was not suffering from any mental disease

when he killed his two victims. At the time of that testimony, the expert witness

had felony charges pending against him that could have resulted in the loss of his

medical license. As the federal appeals court explained: “[The psychiatrist] may

have believed that testimony helping the prosecution in this case, which achieved

notoriety throughout Wisconsin, would aid his cause, if only because it was bound

to come to the attention of the judge who presided in the prosecution against him.”

(Id. at p. 901.)

Even then, the federal appeals court majority considered the confrontation

clause question to be “close.” (Lindh v. Murphy, supra, 124 F.3d at p. 901.) It

granted relief to the defendant only because of prosecution evidence that the

psychiatrist held particularly high stature in his profession, leaving the jury to

view him and his testimony in a “rosy glow.” (Ibid.) Here, defendant points to

similar evidence of Dr. Berg’s high standing as a psychologist. But the evidence

also shows that Dr. Berg was not the subject of any criminal prosecution when he

testified in this case, and thus unlike the expert witness in Lindh lacked any

personal incentive to slant his testimony to “aid his cause.” Here, the Attorney

General had long since obtained a dismissal of the charges against Dr. Berg for

lack of evidentiary support; because the evidence necessary to those charges had

earlier been suppressed, there was no likelihood of their being refiled.

There is another reason why Lindh v. Murphy, supra, 124 F.3d 899, does

not assist defendant here. There, central to the court’s decision to grant defendant

62

Lindh relief was its conclusion that the state court “[p]roceedings to determine

Lindh’s mental state when he pulled the trigger were not strictly ‘sentencing’ ” but

rather were “closely associated with the issue of guilt or innocence.” (Id. at

p. 900.) A contrary conclusion would have been fatal to defendant Lindh’s

confrontation clause claim because that circuit follows the rule that the federal

Constitution’s confrontation clause does not apply at sentencing, including “the

balancing phase” of capital sentencing. (Szabo v. Walls (7th Cir. 2002) 313 F.3d

392, 397-399 [distinguishing two aspects of the Illinois capital scheme: “the

capital-eligibility phase” from the sentence-selection or “balancing” phase, and

concluding that the right to confrontation does not apply to the latter].)

Even assuming that the Sixth Amendment to the federal Constitution

protects the right to confront and cross-examine witnesses testifying at the penalty

phase of a California capital trial and that this right was infringed by the restriction

on defendant’s cross-examination of prosecution rebuttal witness Dr. Berg, we

conclude defendant suffered no possible prejudice.

On rebuttal, the prosecution sought to undercut defense evidence attributing

defendant’s criminal behavior to psychological and neurological factors outside

his control. In addition to Dr. Berg, two other prosecution witnesses testified to

that effect: Dr. Douglas Goodin, a neurology professor, testified that the BEAM

test results relied on in the defense case in mitigation were not reliable. The

technology was considered by its inventor to be experimental. According to

Dr. Goodin, the BEAM technology is additionally questionable because of

problems with the statistics used in evaluating BEAM test results, which score an

extremely high percentage of persons in the abnormal range. Dr. Goodin reviewed

defense witness Dr. Kowell’s BEAM test results for defendant and defendant’s

son Richard, and pronounced defendant’s results as within the range of normal.

Asked about Kowell’s determination that Richard’s BEAM mapping was virtually

63

identical to defendant’s -- implying some genetic explanation for defendant’s

criminal behavior -- Dr. Goodin responded, “I think it’s nonsense.” Goodin

testified that but for one insignificant point of overlap, the results for Richard and

defendant were “completely different.” Furthermore, murder victim John Abono’s

wife, Cathy Nelson, provided rebuttal testimony that defendant had long ago

bragged about having a “mass” in his head, which he anticipated could prove

useful to defend a criminal charge. Thus, to a substantial extent, Dr. Berg’s

testimony was cumulative of the testimony of the other prosecution rebuttal

witnesses.

Defendant seeks to distinguish Dr. Berg’s testimony from that of the two

other prosecution rebuttal witnesses on the ground that only Dr. Berg discredited

the entire defense case in mitigation, not just parts of it. Defendant argues that the

testimony of Dr. Berg attributing defendant’s murderous behavior to an antisocial

personality rather than family dysfunction or brain abnormalities allowed the jury

to reject the defense case in mitigation out of hand. As we explain, this argument

fails.

The penalty phase jury asked during deliberations to rehear defense

evidence regarding the effect of head injuries, brain abnormalities, and

psychological influences on defendant’s behavior. And that jury took three full

days to return its verdict. Thus, the record fails to support defendant’s contention

that the jury disregarded the defense case in mitigation.

We also reject two related arguments made by defendant. He asserts that

the prosecution improperly entertained inconsistent theories about Dr. Berg’s

behavior in this case and in the two cases the Attorney General brought against

Dr. Berg for Medi-Cal fraud. In the fraud cases, the Attorney General was

obviously taking the position that Berg had fraudulently obtained public funds,

whereas here the prosecutor, in opposing defendant’s motion to cross-examine

64

Berg about Medi-Cal fraud, argued that Berg probably had done nothing wrong.

Defendant likens this to a prosecutor who, to convict codefendants in separate

trials, offers inconsistent theories and facts regarding the same crime. (See

Thompson v. Calderon (9th Cir. 1997) 120 F.3d 1045, 1058 (in bank), revd. on

other grounds sub nom. Calderon v. Thompson (1998) 523 U.S. 538.) We are not

persuaded.

Whatever similarity may exist between a prosecutor who argues

inconsistent theories of individual culpability to obtain convictions of

codefendants tried separately and a prosecutor who argues that the facts

underlying a dismissed criminal case may ultimately prove more time consuming

than probative for impeaching a witness, it does not assist defendant here. As we

have already concluded, defendant suffered no possible prejudice from the court’s

allowing the jury to hear Dr. Berg’s testimony without learning that Berg had been

the subject of dismissed charges of Medi-Cal fraud.

Defendant also asserts that trial counsel was ineffective in failing to point

out that the prosecutor was advancing a position inconsistent with the Attorney

General’s case against Dr. Berg and for not arguing that the evidence suppressed

in the Attorney General’s case against Dr. Berg would have been admissible in

this case. These claims too fail for want of prejudice. (Strickland v. Washington,

supra, 466 U.S. at p. 669.)3


3

The Attorney General asked that we take judicial notice of a finding by the

Alameda County Municipal Court under section 851.8, subdivision (b) that
Dr. Berg was “factually innocent” of the Medi-Cal fraud charges. (See People v.
Adair
(2003) 29 Cal.4th 895 [discussing factual innocence findings].) The factual
innocence finding dates from March 1, 1993, about one and one-half years after
trial ended in this case. We have denied the Attorney General’s request and do not
rely on the factual innocence finding in resolving the claims here.

65

B. The Murder of Geraldine Sapp

1. Sufficiency of evidence

Included in the prosecution’s penalty phase case in aggravation was

evidence that defendant had committed the unadjudicated murder of his mother,

Geraldine Sapp. (§ 190.3, factor (b) [allowing jury consideration of “criminal

activity by the defendant that involved the use or attempted use of force or

violence.”].) Defendant unsuccessfully sought to have the evidence excluded as

legally insufficient. He renews that contention here, asserting that the evidence

failed to “support a finding by a rational trier of fact as to the existence of such

activity beyond a reasonable doubt.” (People v. Clair (1992) 2 Cal.4th 629, 672-

673.) He also argues that introduction of the evidence rendered the death verdict

unreliable in violation of the Fifth, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendments to the

federal Constitution. We disagree.

In 1984 and 1985, defendant’s mother Geraldine Sapp was living near

Oroville in Butte County. In October 1984, she withdrew $5,000 from her savings

account at the First Interstate Bank in Oroville. In February and March 1985,

Geraldine, accompanied by defendant, went to the First Interstate Bank to cash

certificates of deposit totaling $58,000, which the bank paid to her in $20-, $50-,

and $100-bills. She told bank personnel she needed the money for a business

venture with her son “John.”

In June 1985, defendant was living with Geraldine. A neighbor, Carmella

Borchard, kept livestock on Geraldine’s property. Borchard saw Geraldine on

June 4 or 5, but never saw her again. Borchard recalled that defendant left in his

van during the afternoon of June 5 and returned two days later. She deduced that

while defendant was away no one else was at Geraldine’s place because the water

trough for Geraldine’s livestock was empty and one of Geraldine’s horses was

trying to eat the feed Borchard provided for her own horse.

66



On June 7, around 4:00 p.m., defendant inquired of another neighbor,

Margarita Richards, whether she had seen Geraldine. Defendant told Richards

that he had just returned home, that his mother was not at the house, but that none

of her things appeared to be missing. Defendant then notified the Butte County

Sheriff’s Department that his mother was missing. Deputy Sheriff Donald

Houghton came to the house and spoke with defendant. Defendant said that he

had been in the Bay Area fishing for two days and when he returned home, the

house was locked but his mother was not there. Her clothes, checkbook, purse,

and wallet were in the house and her car was in the garage. Defendant also told

Deputy Houghton that when he got back from fishing he found a couple of days’

mail in the mail box and newspapers in front. Defendant had checked with friends

and relatives but no one knew Geraldine’s whereabouts. Defendant told Houghton

that he suspected his mother had been kidnapped by Gene and Carlene Aughe,

members of an “outlaw” motorcycle gang. The next day, June 8, defendant

telephoned Tony Koester, an investigator for the Butte County District Attorney’s

Office and said the Aughes had kidnapped Geraldine because she had testified

against them in 1983.

After defendant’s April 26, 1986, arrest in Nevada County on an

outstanding warrant, he again spoke with investigator Koester about his mother’s

disappearance. This time defendant said that when he returned to his mother’s

house on June 7, 1985, he knew within five seconds who was responsible for her

disappearance. Defendant described the person only as a 42-year-old White male,

who lived in Concord and dealt in large quantities of drugs. According to

defendant, his mother had “nosed” into the drug dealer’s business, so the man

killed her. Defendant added that he had found the man, taken him at gunpoint by

boat to an area in the San Francisco Bay between Alcatraz and Angel Islands, and

67

extracted from him a confession and the location of Geraldine’s body. Defendant

then killed the man and dumped his body in the bay.

On April 27, 1986, defendant directed Butte County law enforcement

officers to a remote area near the town of Gridley. Defendant walked to a dried-up

pond, and said this was the location where the killer said he had left Geraldine’s

body. On May 1, 1986, no more than 30 feet from the area pointed out by

defendant, a search team found Geraldine’s skeletal remains. Her death was likely

the result of a powerful blow to the skull, which drove the mandible into the

cranium, severing the artery.

Contra Costa County’s missing persons records for the dates June 1, 1985,

through June 1, 1986, showed the filing of 38 missing person’s reports. All of

those were ultimately accounted for; there was no open case in that period

involving a missing White male in his early 40’s (allegedly killed by defendant for

killing defendant’s mother, Geraldine).

From this evidence, the jury could reasonably conclude that defendant on

either June 4 or 5, 1985, killed his mother and deposited her body in the remote

area near Gridley. Over the next few days, he traveled to the Bay Area to establish

an alibi, reported his mother missing and, to deflect attention from himself,

suggested that an outlaw couple, the Aughes, had kidnapped her, and that he later

falsely claimed that an unnamed White male in his early 40’s was the killer.

2. Comment by defense expert witness

We reject defendant’s contention that the penalty phase judgment must be

reversed for prosecutorial misconduct in eliciting on cross-examination a comment

from a defense expert witness, Dr. Donald Lunde, that defendant’s siblings did not

visit him in jail because they believed he had killed their mother. Defendant also

asserts that defense counsel was ineffective in failing to object, particularly

because the topic had been earlier ruled inadmissible when raised in connection

68

with evidence that defendant’s brother Mike thought defendant was their mother’s

killer.

Both claims fail for want of prejudice. It is neither reasonably possible

(People v. Jackson (1996) 13 Cal.4th 1164, 1232) nor reasonably probable

(Strickland v. Washington, supra, 466 U.S. at p. 669) that the jury would have

reached a different verdict at the penalty phase had it not heard Dr. Lunde’s brief

comment.

3. Prior statements of Jeanne Aplington

Jeanne Aplington was defendant’s girlfriend for about three years,

including the summer of 1985 when his mother disappeared. On June 12, 1985, a

few days after defendant reported his mother missing, Butte County District

Attorney investigator Tony Koester interviewed Aplington and prepared a report.

On November 18, 1985, the Butte County District Attorney’s Office deposed

Aplington.

The

prosecution

subpoenaed Aplington to testify at the penalty phase of

defendant’s capital trial. She appeared with counsel, but refused to talk to the

prosecutor. The trial court held a hearing outside the jury’s presence to decide

whether the prosecutor could use prior statements by Aplington from her June 12,

1985, interview by investigator Koester and her November 18, 1985, deposition to

impeach her before the jury. At that hearing, Aplington claimed she could not

remember the statements she made to investigator Koester and in her deposition.

The trial court ruled that Aplington had given “a series of evasive answers” and

her “stated lapse of memories are in effect denials,” and therefore, over defense

objection, allowed the prosecutor to use Aplington’s prior statements to impeach

her. The statements included (1) claims by Aplington that she spoke by telephone

with Geraldine Sapp on June 4 and 5, 1985, and that defendant spent the night of

June 5, 1985, at Aplington’s home in Contra Costa County, and (2) recitations by

69

Aplington of defendant’s comments implicating himself in Geraldine’s

disappearance.

Defendant now contends that these prior statements by Aplington were

inadmissible hearsay (Evid. Code, § 1200) whose admission denied him the right

of confrontation under the Sixth Amendment to the federal Constitution. Because

defendant concedes that defense counsel did not raise a Sixth Amendment

objection in the trial court, that issue is not properly before us. In any event, we

reject the contention.

“A statement by a witness that is inconsistent with his or her trial testimony

is admissible to establish the truth of the matter asserted in the statement under the

conditions set forth in Evidence Code sections 1235 and 770.” (People v. Johnson

(1992) 3 Cal.4th 1183, 1219.) Those statutes, as relevant here, provide for the

admission against a hearsay challenge of a prior statement by a witness “if the

statement is inconsistent with his testimony at the hearing and is offered in

compliance with Section 770.” (Evid. Code, § 1235.) Under Evidence Code

section 770, prior inconsistent statements are admissible only if: “(a) The witness

was so examined while testifying as to give him an opportunity to explain or to

deny the statement; or [¶] (b) The witness has not been excused from giving

further testimony in the action.”

Defendant does not deny that the conditions of Evidence Code section 770

were satisfied here. Rather, he asserts that Aplington’s trial testimony was not

inconsistent with her former statements because she testified that she could not

recall either the specific events in 1985 regarding the disappearance of

defendant’s mother or what she had said about those events at that time. We

spoke to this exact issue in People v. Johnson, supra, 3 Cal.4th at page 1219:

“Normally, the testimony of a witness that he or she does not remember an event

is not inconsistent with that witness’s prior statement describing the event.

70

[Citation.] However, courts do not apply this rule mechanically. ‘Inconsistency in

effect, rather than contradiction in express terms, is the test for admitting a

witness’ prior statement [citation], and the same principle governs the case of the

forgetful witness.’ [Citation.] When a witness’s claim of lack of memory amounts

to deliberate evasion, inconsistency is implied. [Citation.] As long as there is a

reasonable basis in the record for concluding that the witness’s ‘I don’t remember’

statements are evasive and untruthful, admission of his or her prior statements is

proper.” (Italics added.)

That is the situation here. Ample evidence supports the trial court’s

determination that Aplington’s lack of memory amounted to deliberate evasion.

Thus, there was no state law error. Furthermore, admission of Aplington’s prior

statements under one of this state’s traditional hearsay rule exceptions did not

implicate defendant’s Sixth Amendment right to confront and cross-examine her

because she testified and thus was subject to defendant’s cross-examination.

(People v. Zapien (1993) 4 Cal.4th 929, 955.) Because there was no confrontation

clause violation, we reject on the merits defendant’s claim that his trial counsel

was ineffective in failing to object to the admission of Aplington’s prior

inconsistent statements on that ground.

4. Defendant’s “appointment in Sacramento”

Defendant

raises

another claim arising from Aplington’s trial testimony.

The prosecutor sought to elicit evidence that defendant made incriminating

statements before and after he took a polygraph test on June 11, 1985, in

Sacramento for the Butte County District Attorney investigators. To do so, the

prosecutor questioned Aplington using the transcript of her November 18, 1985,

deposition and, in an effort to refresh her recollection, had her look at the

transcript. Earlier, at the hearing without the jury present (see pt. VI. B.3, ante),

the prosecutor had mentioned the polygraph when questioning Aplington about

71

defendant’s incriminating statements, but she denied any recollection of those

statements.

At trial, when the prosecutor began his questioning of Aplington about

defendant’s statements before and after the polygraph test, he tried to avoid

mentioning the polygraph test itself by asking Aplington if she recalled defendant

having “an appointment in Sacramento that he was going to keep.” Aplington

replied that she did not understand “what you’re asking,” and then asked, “What

appointment would that be?”

The prosecutor then requested a sidebar conference. The trial court

suggested that to avoid the witness “blurt[ing] something out that’s inappropriate

. . . something to do with a . . . polygraph,” the parties should stipulate to a

“sanitized” phrase to substitute for the word “polygraph” in the deposition

transcript. Defense Counsel Houghton responded: “I have no problems

stipulating that the deposition [transcript] indicates that [defendant] had an

appointment in Sacramento.” But Defense Counsel Young disagreed, suggesting

that the “sanitized stipulation,” in which the phrase “appointment in Sacramento”

would be substituted in the transcript for the word “polygraph” would have no

“relevance . . . to the D.A.’s burden of proof.” The trial court then stated: “I

suppose [the prosecutor] could plunge into it. Under the circumstances, somebody

mentions polygraph, I will tell [the jurors] they can’t pay any attention to it.”

Thereafter, to lay a foundation for introducing Aplington’s prior statements

describing defendant’s incriminating comments, the prosecutor questioned her

about defendant’s having a meeting in Sacramento. During this questioning, the

prosecutor referred the witness to the deposition transcript. This exchange took

place:

Prosecutor: “Now, do you remember the appointment that [defendant] had

in Sacramento?”

72



Aplington: “Well, I have read [the transcript]. I’m sure I said it. But at

this point in time I don’t remember those days.”

Prosecutor: “Do you remember the appointment in Sacramento?”

Aplington: “I won’t have any reason to lie, but to this date I do not

remember it.”

The

questioning

continued:

Prosecutor: “Well, last week, for example, when you testified [outside the

jury’s presence], you indicated that you didn’t remember and then all of a sudden

you later recalled.”

Aplington: “That I talked to [defendant]?”

Prosecutor: “About that appointment in Sacramento. Didn’t you?”

Aplington: “I think I felt pressured into it pretty much. Because I really

don’t recollect it.”

Prosecutor: “Didn’t last week you say in this Court, I don’t recall, and then

suddenly remembered the appointment in Sacramento?”

Responding to this question, Aplington blurted out: “The polygraph?”

Defense counsel objected, and the trial court instructed the jury: “Ladies

and Gentlemen, there’s been a mention of a polygraph. This is something that

under no circumstances should enter into your considerations in this case.

Whether there was or was not is not something that’s permitted into your

considerations. That’s one of those things that you have to completely and totally

strike from your memories and from any use in this trial.

“Certainly if somebody does think during your deliberations that that is

something you should speculate about, then the rest of you are going to have to

say, no, that can’t be done.

“Is that okay with everybody? Anybody have any questions about that?

“No speculation. No use of it under any circumstances whatsoever?”

73



Thereafter, the prosecutor continued to question Aplington about

defendant’s incriminating statements and used as a point of reference the meeting

in Sacramento. For example, the prosecutor asked: “Before [defendant] left the

meeting in Sacramento, did he tell you that if you did not hear from him you’re to

call the [Butte County] Sheriff’s Department and ‘see what my bail is’?”

Defendant now contends the prosecutor “badgered” Aplington into

revealing that defendant “had taken a polygraph examination regarding his

mother’s disappearance” and then “exploited the error in a way that allowed the

jury to infer” that defendant had “failed the test.” According to defendant, this

rendered the penalty trial fundamentally unfair in violation of the Fifth, Sixth,

Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendments to the federal Constitution. Defendant’s

theory seems to be that the prosecutor was to blame for Aplington’s mention of the

polygraph, and that his continued questioning of her thereafter about defendant’s

“meeting in Sacramento” would have suggested to the jury that defendant took a

polygraph test and flunked it. Defendant also accuses his trial counsel of

incompetence for not asking the trial court to order the prosecutor to replace the

phrase “meeting in Sacramento” with some less specific reference, such as

“sometime in the week after Mrs. Sapp’s disappearance.” We reject these

contentions.

“Evidence Code section 351.1 provides that the results of a polygraph

examination ‘shall not be admitted into evidence in any criminal proceeding . . .

unless all parties stipulate to the admission of such results.’ The statute also

excludes evidence of ‘an offer to take’ or the ‘failure to take’ such a test.” (People

v. Espinoza (1992) 3 Cal.4th 806, 816.) Thus, evidence that a defendant took a

polygraph test would violate California statutory law. No such evidence was

introduced in this case, however. Rather, the prosecutor and the trial judge, both

mindful that Aplington might “blurt” out something about defendant taking a

74

polygraph examination, sought to “sanitize” the language in the transcript the

prosecutor was using when questioning Aplington. Although Attorney Houghton

offered to enter into a stipulation that would have eliminated the word “polygraph”

from the transcript, Attorney Young disagreed on the ground that such a

stipulation would lighten the prosecution’s burden of proof. While defense

counsel had no obligation to enter into the stipulation suggested by the trial court,

under the circumstances here, when the witness, as the trial court predicted,

blurted out the word “polygraph,” defendant cannot fault the court or the

prosecutor. (See People v. Cooper, supra, 53 Cal.3d at p. 827.)

In any event, Aplington’s comment was brief and did not directly tell the

jury whether or not defendant had taken a polygraph test or inform it of the subject

matter or results of any such test. The trial court immediately admonished the jury

not to consider anything about a polygraph examination. We assume the jury

complied with that admonition. (People v. Pride (1992) 3 Cal.4th 195, 240.)

Moreover, in light of the very strong, if not overwhelming, evidence that

defendant killed his mother, the witness’s blurting out the word “polygraph”

resulted in no possible prejudice.

5. Aplington’s fear of defendant

At trial, the prosecutor presented evidence that in 1985 and 1986, defendant

made various threats to Aplington, and she was afraid of him. The trial court ruled

such evidence relevant to Aplington’s credibility, specifically on the issue of the

validity of her claimed inability to recall pertinent incidents surrounding the

disappearance of defendant’s mother, Geraldine. Thus, the prosecutor elicited

Aplington’s testimony that defendant threatened to put Aplington and her two

young daughters “in the pond” behind Geraldine’s house. Aplington stressed,

however, that defendant “didn’t say kill, because putting us in the pond,

underneath the pond is obviously not living, but he did not use the word kill.” The

75

prosecutor also brought out that at Aplington’s deposition, when asked if she

“believe[d]” defendant might kill her, she replied, “I know that after this,” adding,

“you guys get to go home to your normal houses and stuff and you won’t have

[defendant] coming after you.” (Italics added.)

Shortly after June 8, 1985, when defendant reported his mother missing,

Aplington moved with her children from her Contra Costa County home to a

women’s shelter in Monterey County. On July 15, 1985, Aplington telephoned

District Attorney investigator Tony Koester and told him she was very frightened

of defendant, who was “call[ing] around,” trying to find out where she was hiding.

But when cross-examined in this case, Aplington attributed her fearfulness not to

anything defendant had done but to the “authorities” who threatened to take her

children away and send her to jail if she failed to cooperate, and who were telling

her she would be defendant’s next victim.

Defendant now contends that the trial court erred by admitting evidence of

Aplington’s fear of him, and that the prosecutor’s comments on this evidence

during closing argument were misconduct. He further contends that the trial court

should on its own initiative have instructed the jury it could consider this evidence

only in assessing Aplington’s credibility and not as showing defendant’s intent to

harm Aplington, and that trial counsel was ineffective for not requesting such a

limiting instruction. According to defendant, the treatment of the evidence of

Aplington’s fear violated not only California law but also the Fifth, Sixth, Eighth,

and Fourteenth Amendments to the federal Constitution, thus compelling reversal

of the death judgment. We disagree.

Generally, evidence that a witness is afraid to testify is admissible as

relevant to the witness’s credibility. (Evid. Code, § 780; People v. Warren (1988)

45 Cal.3d 471, 481.) Assuming that evidence of Aplington’s fear of defendant in

1985 and 1986 shortly after defendant’s mother disappeared would have

76

somewhat less bearing on Aplington’s apparent unwillingness to testify for the

prosecution in 1991 at defendant’s capital trial, we discern no possible prejudice.

We have considered the evidence, the prosecutor’s treatment of it during closing

argument, and trial counsel’s failure to request a limiting instruction that it had no

obligation to give without request (People v. Padilla (1995) 11 Cal.4th 891, 950).

We are satisfied that it is neither reasonably possible (People v. Jackson, supra, 13

Cal.4th at p. 1232) nor reasonably probable (Strickland v. Washington, supra, 466

U.S. at p. 669) that the evidence or its treatment altered the penalty phase outcome

at defendant’s capital trial.

C. The Attempted Murder of Donna Smith

Over defense objection, the prosecution introduced this evidence at the

penalty phase of defendant’s trial: Donna Smith, a drug dealer and manufacturer,

became friends with defendant in 1983. Early in their relationship, Smith and

defendant were wrestling on a lawn when defendant said he wanted “to fuck

[Smith] just before [her] body turned cold while it was still bleeding.”

In early 1986, Smith was living with Carolyn Clark and Brian Magidson at

Lake Tahoe. Magidson gave Smith $48,000 to keep for him while he served a

prison term. Defendant knew about the money but did not know where Smith had

hidden it. While Smith and defendant were away, federal Drug Enforcement

Agency (DEA) agents raided Smith’s house. When Smith and defendant returned,

Magidson’s money was missing. Defendant suggested the DEA agents had taken

the money. Smith told Clark she thought defendant had taken the money.

Magidson blamed Smith for the loss.

On March 21, 1986, defendant telephoned Smith telling her he had heard

she had accused him of stealing Magidson’s money. Defendant said he was going

to have to “whack” somebody, and that she had better get the money situation

straightened out so he did not have to “come up [to Lake Tahoe] and put holes in

77

people.” Defendant also said he “didn’t want to have to come up there and shut

[Smith’s] mouth permanently.” Shortly thereafter, Smith was arrested. Defendant

wrote to her in jail, accusing her of “trying to set [him] up,” and stating that

“people [they] knew” wanted Smith dead and had asked defendant to “whack” her.

In April 1986, Smith was living at her father’s house trailer in Grass

Valley, near Nevada City in Nevada County. Smith arranged with the Nevada

County Sheriff’s Department to set defendant up. Smith telephoned defendant and

asked him to drive her to New Mexico. Initially, he “put[] [her] off” but

ultimately he agreed. On April 22, defendant called Smith and said, “I am coming

to your Dad’s, [so] make sure there is nobody around.” Defendant arrived at the

house trailer around 11:00 a.m., and was promptly arrested on the outstanding

Butte County warrant for being a felon in possession of a concealable firearm. In

defendant’s car, Sheriff’s deputies found several firearms including a .22-caliber

Ruger pistol equipped with a homemade silencer. When questioned after his

arrest, defendant told Butte County District Attorney investigator Koester that he

had gone to Grass Valley intending to use the Ruger pistol to kill Smith. He also

told Colusa County Deputy Sheriff Steven McCulloch that he planned to kill

Smith and bury her body in the desert.

The trial court instructed the jury: “Evidence has been introduced for the

purpose of showing that the defendant has committed the following criminal acts

or activity.” The court then mentioned the criminal acts on which evidence was

presented including “The attempted murder of Donna Smith.” At defense

counsel’s request, the trial court did not instruct the jury on the elements of

attempted murder. (See CALJIC Nos. 6.00, 6.01 (5th ed. 1988).)

Defendant contends the evidence was legally insufficient to establish

attempted murder, and it failed to satisfy the requirements of the corpus delicti

rule. He further contends that counsel was ineffective in expressly waiving a jury

78

instruction on the elements of attempted murder. According to defendant, juror

reliance in this case on the evidence described above rendered the death verdict

unreliable in violation of the federal Constitution’s Eighth and Fourteenth

Amendments because the prosecutor in argument to the jury substantially relied on

the incident involving Smith, stressing to the jury that were it not for “good police

work,” “Donna Smith would be dead today” and “we would have another body.”

We reject these contentions.

The evidence of the alleged attempted murder of Donna Smith was

admitted under section 190.3, factor (b), which provides for the admission at the

penalty phase of “[t]he presence or absence of criminal activity by the defendant

which involved the use of force or violence or the express or implied threat to use

force or violence.”

Defendant contends the evidence that he threatened Smith and later went to

pick her up at her father’s house established at most preparation for the crime of

attempted murder, not attempted murder. In support, defendant cites the

discussion of sufficiency of evidence for attempted robbery in People v. Kipp

(1998) 18 Cal.4th 349 (Kipp). It states that an attempted robbery has been

committed “at the point” at which, “[i]f the transaction is interrupted . . . , no one

would doubt that the defendant is guilty of an attempted robbery, because the

actual or attempted use of force is sufficient to move the transaction beyond the

sphere of mere preparation and into the zone of actual commission of the crime of

robbery.” (Id. at p. 377.) Defendant contrasts the situation described in Kipp with

the evidence that he came to Smith’s father’s house at her request to drive her to

New Mexico, and that he had with him firearms including a .22-caliber pistol

fitted with a silencer. Defendant suggests that notwithstanding his threats a month

or so earlier to “whack” Smith or “put holes” in her or “shut [her] mouth

permanently,” the evidence did not show that “the transaction [had progressed]

79

beyond the sphere of mere preparation and into the zone of actual commission of

the crime” of murder. Assuming this is so, defendant cannot complain of any

impropriety in the admission of the evidence of his threats to Smith and his arrival

at her father’s Grass Valley house trailer with firearms, because that evidence,

whether or not sufficient to establish attempted murder, was independently

admissible under section 190.3, factor (b) as showing, at least, “the express or

implied threat to use force or violence.” (See People v. Jackson, supra, 13 Cal.4th

at pp. 1235-1236; People v. Roberts (1992) 2 Cal.4th 271, 332.)

In a related contention, defendant asserts the admission during the penalty

phase trial of his statements to Butte County and Colusa County authorities of his

intent to kill Smith and bury her body in the desert violated the corpus delicti rule.

That rule generally requires the prosecution to prove “the body of the crime itself”

independent of a defendant’s extrajudicial statements. (People v. Alvarez, supra,

27 Cal.4th at pp. 1168-1169 (Alvarez).) Assuming that the corpus delicti rule

applies to unadjudicated crimes admitted as aggravating evidence (§ 190.3, factor

(b)) at the penalty phase of a capital trial, defendant’s contention must fail based

on our recent decision in Alvarez.

In

Alvarez, supra, 27 Cal.4th 1161, we considered the corpus delicti rule in

light of the adoption by the California voters on June 8, 1982 of Proposition 8,

adding section 28, subdivision (d) (section 28(d)), the “Truth-in-Evidence”

provision, to article I of the California Constitution. We held: “[I]nsofar as the

corpus delicti rule restricts the admissibility of incriminatory extrajudicial

statements by the accused, section 28(d) abrogates it” for crimes committed after

June 8, 1982. (Alvarez, supra, at p. 1174.) Here, the prosecution’s evidence

supporting the unadjudicated attempted murder of Donna Smith took place

between 1983 and 1987, after the voters adopted the Truth-in-Evidence provision.

Accordingly, evidence of defendant’s statements to authorities that he met Smith

80

at her father’s house trailer in Grass Valley on April 22, 1986, intending to kill her

and bury her body in the desert were properly admitted in evidence, regardless of

whether the prosecution presented evidence of the crime of the attempted murder

of Smith independent of defendant’s incriminating statements. (Alvarez, supra, at

p. 1174.)

As we acknowledged in Alvarez, supra, 27 Cal.4th 1161, “section 28(d) did

not abrogate the corpus delicti rule insofar as it provides that every conviction

must be supported by some proof of the corpus delicti aside from or in addition to

[a defendant’s incriminating] statements, and that the jury must be so instructed.”

(Id. at p. 1165, italics omitted.) But we stressed: “the modicum of necessary

independent evidence of the corpus delicti . . . is not great. The independent

evidence may be circumstantial, and need only be ‘a slight or prima facie

showing’ permitting an inference of injury, loss, or harm from a criminal agency,

after which the defendant’s statements may be considered to strengthen the case

on all issues.” (Id. at p. 1181.) Here, evidence of defendant’s repeated threats to

Smith, and his possession of firearms and a silencer when he arrived at Smith’s

father’s Grass Valley house trailer after telling her to wait for him there alone was

sufficient to permit an inference of injury, loss, or harm from a criminal agency.

We therefore reject defendant’s contention that the prosecution presented

insufficient evidence of the corpus delicti of the attempted murder of Smith.

In any event, the jury already knew from the guilt phase that defendant had

committed the murders of his fellow drug dealer Weber, his former girlfriend

Duarte, and his high school friend Abono, and from the penalty phase the jury

learned that he had killed his mother and had attempted to murder Al Redenius.

Thus, defendant suffered no possible prejudice from the introduction of his own

statements that he intended to kill Smith and bury her body in the desert. (See

People v. Jackson, supra, 13 Cal.4th at p. 1232.) For the same reason, absence of

81

any possible prejudice, defendant’s claim of ineffective assistance of counsel must

fail. (Strickland v. Washington, supra, 466 U.S. at p. 669.)

D. Prosecution Expert’s Comment

Dr. Paul Berg, a clinical psychologist, was a prosecution witness at the

penalty phase. Berg testified on rebuttal that defendant’s homicidal conduct was

attributable to his antisocial personality rather than to brain dysfunction or

abnormality. When the prosecutor asked Berg to give examples of “the kind[s] of

things” Berg had considered in reaching that conclusion, Berg responded: “Well,

first of all, I considered the fact that other than the three murders that he’s been

convicted of, that there’s been a great deal of other violent behavior: Being hired,

for example, to kill Al Redenius, admitting the planning of the killing of Donna

Smith; he talks about having killed someone when he was 16 years old.” (Italics

added.)

Defense counsel moved to strike Dr. Berg’s reference to defendant’s talking

about killing someone when he was 16, and also sought a mistrial claiming, in

part, that the prosecutor deliberately elicited the comment. The trial court denied

the mistrial motion, but admonished the jury: “As to the statement about a murder

committed by the defendant at the age of 16, you know about that. Not only is

there no evidence before you of such an offense, none was ever charged and the

defendant has no conviction for such an alleged offense.”

Defendant now claims reversible error in the trial court’s failure to grant a

mistrial, and he renews his contention of prosecutorial misconduct. In addition, he

argues that “the disclosure by Dr. Berg violated” Evidence Code section 352 and

the Fifth, Sixth, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendments to the federal Constitution.

We reject these contentions.

The comment by Dr. Berg was brief and made in the context of a capital

trial at which the jury had already heard voluminous evidence of defendant’s

82

propensity for violence and homicidal behavior. The trial court instructed the jury

not to consider the comment, so we assume it did so. (People v. Pride, supra, 3

Cal.4th at p. 240.) Furthermore, the record fails to support defendant’s contention

that the prosecutor deliberately elicited the comment.

E. Prosecutor’s Cross-examination of Defense Witnesses

Claiming infringement of his rights under the Fifth, Sixth, Eighth, and

Fourteenth Amendments to the federal Constitution, defendant seeks reversal of

the death judgment based on three instances of the prosecutor’s cross-examination

of defense witnesses. Defendant concedes that the defense at trial did not object to

any of these three instances. Thus, defendant has not preserved any of these

claims. (People v. Earp, supra, 20 Cal.4th at p. 858; People v. Price, supra, 1

Cal.4th 324, 447.) In any event, they do not entitle him to relief.

The first instance involves the prosecutor’s questioning of clinical

psychiatry professor Dr. Donald Lunde about his evaluation of defendant.

Questioned about whether he had taken into account defendant’s murders of the

victims in forming his opinion, Dr. Lunde testified: “What I have tried to present

is my opinion about [defendant] as a human being as somebody who I am not

saying he didn’t do it or he didn’t kill some other people or whatever.” (Italics

added.)

The following interchange then took place:

Prosecutor: “So you are not saying that [defendant] confessed to things he

didn’t do?”

Dr. Lunde: “No.”

Prosecutor: “And you’re not saying, you are not debating the verdict of this

jury?”

Dr. Lunde: “No.”

83



Prosecutor: “And you’re not saying that he didn’t murder some other

people?”

Dr. Lunde: “It’s possible.”

Prosecutor: “Whatever your words were?”

Lunde: “Right.”

Defendant asserts that the prosecutor’s third question, picking up

Dr. Lunde’s words “some other people,” was highly prejudicial because it would

have suggested to the jury that defendant had killed people other than the four the

penalty phase jury knew about in this case: Weber, Duarte, Abono, and Geraldine

Sapp, defendant’s mother.

The second instance of challenged prosecutor questioning pertains to

defense witness Richard See, who was vice-principal of Clayton Valley High

School when defendant was there at age 17. On direct examination, See

mentioned that because defendant attended the school only briefly, he could recall

“[j]ust one incident” involving defendant. On cross-examination, the prosecutor

questioned See about the “one incident,” and elicited testimony that “[l]aw

enforcement [had] responded” to it, that defendant thereafter did not return to

school, and that defendant “was a disciplinary problem.”

The incident in question involved school officials’ discovery of defendant

and a female student behind the baseball field, both partially undressed, in

possession of a controlled substance, and under the influence of some substance.

The prosecution had sought to include this incident in its penalty phase case-in-

chief, but the trial court ruled it inadmissible as not fitting within any category of

aggravating evidence. Defendant argues here that the prosecutor’s questioning of

See about the incident violated the trial court’s express ruling, and also would

have suggested to the jury (which never learned the specifics of the incident) that

defendant had committed some serious crime at age 17.

84



Finally, defendant faults the prosecutor’s cross-examination of Contra

Costa County Probation Officer Thomas Bradshaw, who supervised the juvenile

probation of defendant’s brother, Danny. Bradshaw testified on direct

examination about Geraldine Sapp’s rancorous behavior. Because of that

behavior, Bradshaw had removed himself from Danny Sapp’s case, the only time

he had taken such action in 32 years as a probation officer. Also on direct

examination, Bradshaw mentioned that he had on three occasions supervised

defendant on probation, and that the last of these was when defendant was

committed to the California Youth Authority.

The prosecution’s cross-examination of Bradshaw revealed that defendant

had a lengthy juvenile probation file and that he had “bombed out of Boys’

Ranch.” Defendant asserts that this impermissibly invited the penalty phase jury

to take into account that defendant’s criminal history started when he was quite

young.

Defendant further contends defense counsel was ineffective in failing to

object to the above described questioning by the prosecutor of defense witnesses

Lunde, See, and Bradshaw; in failing to warn See not to mention the Clayton

Valley High School incident; and in failing to warn Bradshaw not to mention

having been defendant’s probation officer.

We are satisfied that defendant suffered no prejudice from the complained-

of cross-examination. In light of the guilt phase evidence of defendant’s cold-

blooded murders of victims Weber, Duarte, and Abono, committed over more than

a 10-year period, and the penalty phase evidence of defendant’s murder of his

mother, his shotgun blasts in the face of Al Redenius, and his death threats to and

admissions of intending to murder Donna Smith, it is neither reasonably possible

(People v. Jackson, supra, 13 Cal.4th at p. 1232) nor reasonably probable

(Strickland v. Washington, supra, 466 U.S. at p. 669) that the penalty phase jury

85

would have reached a different verdict had it not heard the particular interchanges

between the prosecutor and the three defense witnesses in question.

F. Evidence Suggesting Defendant Posed a Danger While Incarcerated

Again claiming violations of the Fifth, Sixth, Eighth, and Fourteenth

Amendments to the federal Constitution, defendant challenges certain testimony

admitted during the prosecutor’s redirect examination of two law enforcement

witnesses, former Concord Police Officer James Blackburn and Contra Costa

County Deputy Sheriff Mike Dahlstrom. These contentions are not preserved for

appeal because defense counsel did not object on federal constitutional grounds,

raising only state law objections.

Officer Blackburn testified on direct examination that 20 years earlier, in

1971, defendant at age 18 was in possession of an illegal weapon, a sawed-off

shotgun. Cross-examination by defense counsel established that Blackburn, who

by the time of trial was living in Wyoming, had been reluctant to talk to defense

investigators. Outside the jury’s presence, Blackburn explained that when first

contacted by the defense, he had cooperated, but he later refused to do so out of

fear for harm to his family. Defense counsel argued that evidence of Blackburn’s

reasons for not cooperating would be more prejudicial than probative (Evid. Code,

§ 352), but the trial court ruled Blackburn’s explanation admissible to “counteract

any implications that were raised by the suggestion that he wouldn’t talk to the

defense.” Back before the jury, the prosecutor asked Blackburn why he had been

“reluctant to talk to the defense,” Blackburn testified: “[B]ecause I feared

basically for my family’s life.” No further explanation was given.

Defendant contends that the admission of the Blackburn explanation was

reversible error. He further contends that defense counsel was ineffective in

opening up the issue of Blackburn’s reluctance to assist the defense. Defendant

86

argues that counsel should have known that Blackburn and defendant had a

“history.”

The other law enforcement witness, Deputy Sheriff Dahlstrom, testified on

direct examination he overheard defendant telling another inmate that the jail

guards had found a shank in defendant’s cell, and that it belonged to defendant.

On cross-examination, defense counsel established that shanks were not

uncommon in county jail, that defendant had not assaulted custodial staff or

others, and that because defendant was housed in the county jail’s administrative

segregation unit, he was, like the other inmates in that unit, moved to a different

cell every few days. On redirect, the prosecutor asked Dahlstrom if defendant was

“finally transferred to another institution” after the guards found the shank.

Defense counsel objected on relevance grounds, but the trial court overruled the

objection.” Deputy Dahlstrom then responded “Yes” to the prosecutor’s question,

adding that defendant was deemed “too dangerous for our facility,” and thus was

moved “per the Penal Code . . . to San Quentin Adjustment Center.”

Defendant characterizes Deputy Dahlstrom’s answer as impermissible

evidence of defendant’s future dangerousness. (See People v. Murtishaw (1981)

29 Cal.3d 733, 773 [“One can imagine few matters more prejudicial at the penalty

trial than testimony . . . that defendant, if sentenced to life without possibility of

parole, would be likely to kill again.”].) He further asserts that the prosecutor, by

asking whether defendant was “finally” transferred to another facility, improperly

suggested to the jury that defendant had a history of disciplinary problems in jail.

Additionally, he faults counsel for not objecting to the question.

Assuming that it was error to allow the testimony of Officer Blackburn

about fearing harm to his family, and the testimony of Deputy Dahlstrom that for

safety reasons defendant was moved from county jail to San Quentin Prison, the

errors were harmless. Defendant argues that this evidence went to the heart of the

87

jury’s penalty phase decision because it suggested that defendant posed a risk to

others if sentenced to prison for life without possibility of parole. Defendant

asserts that the jury would have understood fear by Officer Blackburn, who lived

far away in Wyoming, to mean that defendant had the ability to exact vengeance

even though incarcerated; and that the jury would have understood defendant’s

pretrial removal to San Quentin Prison, as described by Deputy Dahlstrom, to

mean that defendant’s possession of a common jailhouse weapon, a homemade

knife, posed a unique danger to other jail inmates and to staff.

Maybe so. But the defense effectively countered any suggestion of

defendant’s future dangerousness through the expert opinion testimony of former

California Department of Corrections Director Raymond Procunier that defendant,

if sentenced to life without parole, would “behave himself” and “not cause . . . any

problems.” Moreover, evidence of Blackburn’s fear of defendant and of

defendant’s pretrial removal to San Quentin added little to defendant’s life of

violence of which the jury was already aware. Therefore, it is neither reasonably

possible (People v. Jackson, supra, 13 Cal.4th at p. 1232) nor reasonably probable

(Strickland v. Washington, supra, 466 U.S. at p. 669) that the testimony by Officer

Blackburn and Deputy Dahlstrom altered the jury’s penalty verdict.

G. Prosecutor’s Argument

Again claiming infringement of the Fifth, Sixth, Eighth, and Fourteenth

Amendments to the federal Constitution, defendant cites these comments by the

prosecutor in argument: “[L]est there be any misunderstanding or any suggestion

to the contrary anywhere along the line, I believe there is but one appropriate

decision in this case”; “[Y]ou will have to look a lot further and harder than I have

been able to see to find that [defendant] is deserving of your mercy, or any of our

mercy”; and “[This is] by far the most egregious case that this county has ever

seen.” Defendant contends these comments improperly stated the prosecutor’s

88

personal beliefs (see People v. Ghent (1987) 43 Cal.3d 739, 772), and would have

been understood by the jury as based on facts outside the evidence (see People v.

Bain (1971) 5 Cal.3d 839, 848). He concedes that trial counsel did not object to

the comments, but he asserts that no such objection was required because an

admonition by the trial court would only “compound” the prejudicial effect of the

comments. In the alternative, defendant asserts that defense counsel was

ineffective in not objecting. We disagree.

As we have repeatedly held, a claim of prosecutorial comment generally

requires an objection. (People v. Earp, supra, 20 Cal.4th at p. 858; People v.

Price, supra, 1 Cal.4th at p. 447.) The rule is not otherwise when the claim

challenges comments in a prosecutor’s jury argument. (People v. Benson (1990)

52 Cal.3d 754, 795.) In any event, the prosecutor’s comments were not improper.

In People v. Benson, where the prosecutor argued that the crime in that case was

“perhaps the most brutal, atrocious, heinous crime . . . probably in this County

[Santa Barbara], and very likely in this State,” we concluded that “a reasonable

juror” would have understood the prosecutor’s comments as “obvious and

altogether unobjectionable” expressions of “the People’s position that defendant’s

crimes called for the ultimate sanction.” (Id. at pp. 794-795.) So too here.

H. Defendant’s Letter to Michael Weber

Defendant seeks reversal of the death judgment based on three sentences in

a letter defendant wrote to Weber’s brother Michael. At the guilt phase, Michael

Weber read the letter to the jury, and the letter itself was admitted in evidence.

During guilt phase deliberations, the jury asked to see the letter, and the trial court

granted that request. At the close of the penalty phase, the trial court instructed

under CALJIC No. 8.85 that jurors in penalty phase deliberations could consider

all evidence presented at both phases of the trial unless otherwise instructed. The

court did not instruct jurors to disregard defendant’s letter to Michael Weber.

89



Defendant’s letter to Michael Weber, quoted in full on pages 3-4, ante,

stated that defendant’s role in the Weber killing was as a “tool” used by “other

people.” The three sentences defendant now objects to are these: “After I’m

executed or if I am executed those ‘other people’ will still be out there.

Sometimes I wish they would be executed right along beside me. They deserve it

also in my opinion.” (Italics added.)

Defendant contends that the three sentences conveyed to penalty phase

jurors that defendant thought he deserved to die for Weber’s murder. This, he

asserts, violated the federal Constitution’s Fifth, Eighth, and Fourteenth

Amendments in addition to California law because a capital defendant’s “opinion

regarding the appropriate penalty” for his crimes “[is] irrelevant to the jury’s

penalty decision.” (People v. Danielson (1992) 3 Cal.4th 691, 715; see Johnson v.

Mississippi (1988) 486 U.S. 578, 585.) Defendant also claims a violation of the

Sixth Amendment right to effective assistance of trial counsel because his lawyers

failed to object to the jury’s hearing and seeing the three sentences in the letter.

According to defendant, the three sentences “prejudicially skewed the penalty

determination,” which he asserts was close because the jury deciding penalty

“struggled for three days.”

Because there was no objection to permitting penalty phase consideration

of the three sentences in defendant’s letter to Weber, the issue of trial court error

has not been preserved. In any event, it lacks merit as does defendant’s claim of

ineffective assistance of trial counsel. Only a strained reading of the quoted

passage, overemphasizing the word “also,” might support an inference that

defendant thought everyone responsible for the Weber killing deserved the death

penalty. The gist of the entire letter, however, was a threat to Michael Weber that

notwithstanding that defendant was in custody and could be executed, “other

people” responsible for his brother’s murder “will still be out there.” Considered

90

in that context, jurors would have understood that phrase to mean that those other

people shared with defendant equal responsibility for killing Weber, not that

defendant, who by presenting a substantial case in mitigation was actively fighting

a death verdict, truly believed that he deserved to die.

I. Penalty Phase Instruction

1. Consideration of unadjudicated crimes

In

People v. Johnson (1993) 6 Cal.4th 1, we held that the trial court at the

penalty phase had no obligation to instruct the jury, without request, that it “should

not use the ‘inference of criminal propensity drawn from proof of one incident of

unadjudicated conduct as proof of the truth of the allegations of another such

incident.’ ” (Id. at p. 49.) We explained that a trial court, as a general rule, “owes

no obligation to instruct on the limited purposes for which evidence of prior

crimes is admissible.” (Ibid.) We rejected the defendant’s contention that this

general rule should not apply to the penalty phase of a capital trial in light of the

trial court’s instruction “that (1) evidence of various specified criminal acts had

been presented, (2) before the jury could use evidence of any such offense as an

aggravating circumstance, it must find beyond a reasonable doubt that such

offense occurred, and (3) except for such offenses, the jury ‘may not consider any

evidence of any other criminal acts as an aggravating circumstance.’ ” (Id. at

pp. 49-50.)

Here, the trial court’s instruction to the jury was substantially similar to the

one at issue in People v. Johnson, supra, 6 Cal.4th 1.4 Defendant seeks to

4

In accord with CALJIC No. 8.87 (1989 rev.) (5th ed. 1988), the trial court

instructed the jury on the unadjudicated criminal offenses: “Evidence has been
introduced for the purpose of showing that the defendant has committed the
following criminal acts or activity: The attempted murder of Donna Smith[;] The
attempted murder of Al Redenius[;] The murder of Geraldine Sapp[;] possession



(Fn. continued on next page)

91

distinguish Johnson on the ground that it addressed only the use of unadjudicated

criminal offenses to show criminal propensity but not the use of adjudicated

criminal offenses for that purpose. Defendant observes that the jury had already

convicted him of the first degree murders of Weber, Duarte, and Abono. He

suggests that without a limiting instruction, the jury may well have considered

evidence of his commission of those murders as showing his propensity to commit

murders, in determining whether he had committed the unadjudicated murder of

his mother and attempted murders of Al Redenius and Donna Smith. He points to

the prosecutor’s argument to the jury comparing defendant’s behavior in the

adjudicated murders with his behavior in the unadjudicated murder of his mother.

For instance, the prosecutor argued that lying about the death was “typical” of

defendant. “[A]s he has done with Liz Duarte and others, [defendant] started

fabricating his defense, creating something out of nothing.” And the prosecutor

pointed out that like other murders committed by defendant, the murder of his

mother had a financial motive because he owed his mother over $60,000.

In addition, defendant faults trial counsel for not seeking a limiting

instruction and for not objecting to the prosecutor’s comparison of the adjudicated


(Fn. continued from previous page)

of a shank in a county jail[;] possession of a sawed-off shotgun which involved the
express or implied use of force or violence or the threat of force or violence.
Before a juror may consider any of such criminal acts or activity as an aggravating
circumstance in this case, a juror must first be satisfied beyond a reasonable doubt
that the defendant did in fact commit such criminal acts or activity. A juror may
not consider any evidence of any other criminal acts or activity as an aggravating
circumstance. It is not necessary for all jurors to agree. If any juror is convinced
beyond a reasonable doubt that such criminal activity occurred, that juror may
consider that activity as a fact in aggravation. If a juror is not so convinced, that
juror must not consider that evidence for any purpose.”

92

offenses to the unadjudicated offenses. According to defendant, when considered

together, the absence of a limiting instruction, the prosecutor’s arguments, and

defense counsel’s failings violated the federal Constitution’s Fifth, Sixth, Eighth,

and Fourteenth Amendments. We reject these contentions.

In

People v. Lang (1989) 49 Cal.3d 991, we held that “in the absence of a

request, the trial court is under no duty to give [a limiting] instruction at the

penalty phase in regard to evidence received at the guilt phase.” (Id. at p. 1039;

accord, People v. Zapien, supra, 4 Cal.4th at p. 993.) Here, with no request, the

trial court had no obligation to instruct the jury not to consider evidence

supporting the adjudicated murders in determining whether defendant had

committed the unadjudicated crimes.

Moreover, Evidence Code section 1101, subdivision (b), allows for the

admission of evidence of other crimes committed by a defendant to show factors

such as motive, intent, identity, or absence of mistake or accident with respect to a

charged crime. The prosecutor’s penalty phase argument, as highlighted by

defendant, focused on aspects of the killings of Weber and Duarte that bore a

substantial similarity to the killing of defendant’s mother: In each instance,

defendant was motivated by financial gain and immediately set out to create a

false alibi. Because the jury properly could consider the adjudicated murders for

such purposes in determining whether defendant had committed the unadjudicated

crimes, no limiting instruction on propensity evidence was warranted, and defense

counsel thus cannot be faulted for not requesting one or not objecting to the

prosecutor’s argument.

2. Instruction on unadjudicated crimes

Citing the wording of the instruction quoted in footnote 4, ante, defendant

claims a deprivation of rights guaranteed under the federal Constitution’s Fifth,

Sixth, and Fourteenth Amendments, thus requiring reversal of the death judgment.

93

Specifically, defendant points to the instruction’s listing of the unadjudicated

criminal activity (the attempted murders of Smith and Redenius, the murder of

defendant’s mother, and the possession of a shank in county jail and of a sawed-

off shotgun) followed by the phrase “which involved the express or implied use of

force or violence or the threat of force or violence.” This formulation, according

to defendant, told the jury that each listed instance of unadjudicated criminal

activity actually involved force or violence, and thus “directed [a] verdict on an

essential element of the factor (b) finding.” Defendant concedes that two of the

incidents, the murder of defendant’s mother and the attempted murder of

Redenius, if accepted by the jury, clearly involved force or violence. But he

disputes that his actions toward Smith had “crossed the line into attempted

murder,” and that his possession of a shank in jail or his earlier possession of a

sawed-off shotgun in his home at age 18 involved express or implied use of force

or violence or the threat to use force or violence. We discern no instructional

error.

CALJIC No. 8.87, as given by the trial court, instructed the jury that

“Evidence has been introduced for the purpose of showing” that defendant had

committed the specified unadjudicated criminal acts involving force or violence.

It further said that “[b]efore a juror may consider any of such criminal acts or

activity as an aggravating circumstance, a juror must be satisfied beyond a

reasonable doubt that the defendant did in fact commit such criminal acts or

activity.” In addition, the trial court instructed the jury as follows: “You must not

consider as an aggravating circumstance any evidence or alleged criminal activity

by the defendant which did not involve the use or attempted use of force or

violence or which did not involve the use of threat or implied [sic] to use

violence.”

94



These instructions, considered together, properly told the jurors that they

could consider any of the specified unadjudicated criminal acts as factors in

aggravation only if they found beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant had

committed the act or activity, and that it involved the use or attempted use or

express or implied threat to use force or violence.

3. Constitutionality of CALJIC No. 8.85

At the close of the penalty phase, the trial court instructed in accord with

CALJIC No. 8.85 on the factors under section 190.3 jurors could consider in

deciding the penalty to be imposed.5 Defendant objected to the instruction on

5

“In determining which penalty is to be imposed on the defendant, you . . .

shall consider, take into account and be guided by the following factors, if
applicable. [¶] (a) The circumstances of the crimes of which the defendant was
convicted in the present proceeding and the existence of any special circumstances
found to be true. [¶] (b) The presence or absence of criminal activity by the
defendant, other than crimes for which he has been tried in the present proceeding,
which involved the use or attempted use of force or violence or the express or
implied threat to use force or violence. [¶] (c) The presence or absence of any
prior felony conviction, other than the crimes for which the defendant has been
tried in the present proceedings. [¶] (d) Whether or not the offense committed
while defendant was under the influence of extreme mental or emotional
disturbance. [¶] (e) Whether or not the victim was a participant in the
defendant’s homicidal conduct or consented to the homicidal act. [¶] (f) Whether
or not the offense was committed under circumstances which the defendant
reasonably believed to be a moral justification or extenuation for his conduct. [¶]
(g) Whether or not the defendant acted under extreme duress or under the
substantial domination of another person. [¶] (h) Whether or not at the time of
the offense the capacity of the defendant to appreciate the criminality of his
conduct or to conform his conduct to the requirements of the law was impaired as
the result of mental disease or defect. [¶] (i) The age of the defendant at the time
of the crime. [¶] (j) Whether or not the defendant was an accomplice to the
offense and his participation in the commission of the offense was relatively
minor. [¶] (k) Any other circumstance which extenuates the gravity of the crime
even though it is not a legal excuse for the crime and any sympathetic or other
aspect of the defendant’s character or record that the defendant offers as a basis for
a sentence less than death, whether or not related to the offense for which he is on



(Fn. continued on next page)

95

three grounds: First, he asked the court to delete as irrelevant to his case any

mention of section 190.3, factors (e) (victim participant in killing), (f) (defendant’s

reasonable belief in moral justification), (g) (defendant under extreme duress or

substantial domination) and (j) (defendant was accomplice and minor participant).

Second, he objected to the “whether or not” formulation in section 190.3, factors

(d) (defendant acted under the influence of extreme mental or emotional

disturbance), (e), (f), (g), (h) (defendant suffered from a mental disease or defect)

and (j). And third, he objected that the instruction failed to tell the jury that

section 190.3, factors (d), (e), (f), (g), (h), (j), and (k) (other extenuating

circumstances) can only be mitigating.

Defendant

contends

this

instruction violated California law as well as the

Sixth, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendments to the federal Constitution. He

concedes that we have rejected previous challenges to a trial court’s determination

not to delete factors or to delineate which are aggravating and which are

mitigating. (See People v. Dennis (1998) 17 Cal.4th 468, 552; People v. Benson,

supra, 52 Cal.3d at pp. 802-803.) But he argues that the trial court’s refusal to

delete the purportedly irrelevant factors allowed the prosecutor to “go down the

list” and exclaim that it would be “ludicrous” for the jury to find as mitigating

factors that a victim was a participant (§ 190.3, factor (e)), or that defendant’s

participation in the offenses was relatively minor (§ 190.3, factor (j)). Contrary to

defendant’s argument, there was nothing improper in the prosecutor’s comments.

The prosecutor did not, for instance, suggest that the absence of mitigating factors

(Fn. continued from previous page)

trial. You must disregard any jury instruction given to you in the guilt or
innocence phase of this trial which conflicts with this principle.” (CALJIC No.
8.85.)

96

was aggravating. (See People v. Davenport (1985) 41 Cal.3d 247, 289.) Rather,

he told the jury that section 190.3, factors (a), (b), and (c) were aggravating, but

that “[i]n mitigation, you can consider all of the rest.” The prosecutor then

suggested that it would be “ludicrous” to find as mitigation in this case victim

participation or defendant playing a relatively minor role. This was fair comment

on the evidence, which included defendant’s contention in his confession that

murder victim Duarte had asked him to shoot her, and defendant’s description in

his letter to Weber’s brother Michael of his own role in killing Weber as a “tool”

of others. Thus, we see no reason to reconsider our holdings in People v. Dennis,

supra, 17 Cal.4th at page 552 and People v. Benson, supra, 52 Cal.3d at pages

802-803.

With respect to the “whether or not” formulation mentioned earlier,

defendant contends it invited the jurors to consider “whichever” of two

possibilities was shown by the evidence, and thus that a juror who found a factor

not proven could use that as a factor favoring imposition of the death penalty.

This is simply a variation of the arguments we rejected in People v. Dennis, supra,

17 Cal.4th 468, 552, and People v. Benson, supra, 52 Cal.4th 754, 802-803, and

we likewise reject it. In any event, here there was no possibility that a juror would

have used an unproven factor as one favoring death because in addition to

instructing on CALJIC No. 8.85, the trial court gave this instruction: “You are not

required to limit your consideration of mitigating circumstances to these specific

factors. [¶] You may also consider any evidence presented during the trial as

reasons for not imposing the death sentence. [¶] You are not permitted to

consider any factor as aggravating unless it is specified on the list of factors you

have been given. [¶] There is, however, no limitation on what factors you may

consider as mitigating. [¶] The absence of a mitigating factor is not and cannot

be considered by you as an aggravating factor.” (Italics added.)

97



In a related argument, defendant claims constitutional error because the jury

would have understood the instruction on section 190.3, factor (d) as precluding

juror consideration of evidence of defendant’s mental or emotional disturbance

“that was less than extreme.” We have previously rejected this contention

explaining that the instruction under section 190.3, factor (k) allows the jury to

consider “ ‘a mental condition of the defendant which, though perhaps not deemed

“extreme,” nonetheless mitigates the seriousness of the offense.’ ” (People v.

Wright (1990) 52 Cal.3d 367, 443-444, quoting People v. Ghent (1987) 43 Cal.3d

739, 776; accord, People v. Jones (1997) 15 Cal.4th 119, 190.) We therefore do

not reconsider it. In any event, there was no possibility of juror confusion in this

case because of the trial court’s instruction under CALJIC No. 8.85, discussed

above.

J. Cumulative Effect of Any Errors

Defendant

asserts

that

the cumulative effect of errors at the guilt and

penalty phases compels reversal of the death judgment. We disagree. We have

either rejected on the merits defendant’s claims of error or have found any

assumed errors to be nonprejudicial. We reach the same conclusion with respect

to the cumulative effect of any assumed errors.

K. Constitutionality of Death Penalty Statute

Defendant challenges various aspects of California’s capital sentencing

scheme as violating the federal Constitution. We have in previous decisions

rejected essentially these same challenges and decline to reconsider them here.

The law is not unconstitutional because it permits the jury to consider

unadjudicated offenses as aggravating evidence (see People v. Bolin (1998) 18

Cal.4th 297, 335; People v. Samoya (1997) 15 Cal.4th 795, 863), because it fails to

require unanimous jury agreement before consideration of an aggravating factor

(People v. Bolin, supra, at pp. 335-336), or because it does not require jury

98

findings on aggravating factors (People v. Bolden (2002) 29 Cal.4th 515, 566;

People v. Lucero (2000) 23 Cal.4th 692, 741; People v. Fauber (1992) 2 Cal.4th

792, 859). There is no constitutional requirement that aggravating factors be

proven beyond a reasonable doubt, that aggravating factors be proven to outweigh

mitigating factors beyond a reasonable doubt, or that the jury find that death is the

appropriate punishment beyond a reasonable doubt. (People v. Bolden, supra, at

p. 566; People v. Barnett (1998) 17 Cal.4th 1044, 1178; People v. Bradford,

supra, 14 Cal.4th at p. 1059.) “Because the determination of penalty is essentially

moral and normative [citation], and therefore different in kind from the

determination of guilt,” the federal Constitution does not require the prosecution to

bear the burden of proof or burden of persuasion at the penalty phase. (People v.

Hayes (1990) 52 Cal.3d 577, 643; accord, People v. Bemore (2000) 22 Cal.4th

809, 859.) The law is not unconstitutional because prosecutors may select, from

among the class of death-eligible cases, those in which the death penalty will

actually be sought (People v. Crittenden (1994) 9 Cal.4th 83, 152; People v.

Kirkpatrick (1994) 7 Cal.4th 988, 1024), because the law does not presume that

life without parole is the appropriate sentence (People v. Bolden, supra, at p. 566;

People v. Arias (1996) 13 Cal.4th 92, 190), or because this court does not require

intercase proportionality review (People v. Bolden, supra, at p. 566; People v.

Crittenden, supra, at p. 156; People v. Hayes, supra, at p. 645). The law does not

fail to adequately narrow the class of murders for which the death penalty can be

imposed. (People v. Bolden, supra, at p. 566; People v. Barnett, supra, 17 Cal.4th

at p. 1179; People v. Arias, supra, at p. 187.)

99



CONCLUSION

The judgment is affirmed.

KENNARD, J.

WE CONCUR:

GEORGE, C. J.
BAXTER, J.
WERDEGAR, J.
CHIN, J.
BROWN, J.
MORENO, J.

100

See next page for addresses and telephone numbers for counsel who argued in Supreme Court.

Name of Opinion People v. Sapp
__________________________________________________________________________________

Unpublished Opinion
Original Appeal
XXX
Original Proceeding
Review Granted

Rehearing Granted

__________________________________________________________________________________

Opinion No.
S023628
Date Filed: July 31, 2003
__________________________________________________________________________________

Court:
Superior
County: Contra Costa
Judge: Wayne A. Westover

__________________________________________________________________________________

Attorneys for Appellant:

Bruce Eric Cohen, under appointment by the Supreme Court for Defendant and Appellant.





__________________________________________________________________________________

Attorneys for Respondent:

Bill Lockyer, Attorney General, David P. Druliner, Chief Assistant Attorney General, Ronald A. Bass,
Assistant Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Stan M. Helfman and Christopher W. Grove, Deputy
Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.






101





Counsel who argued in Supreme Court (not intended for publication with opinion):

Bruce Eric Cohen
1442-A Walnut Street, PMB #466
Berkeley, CA 94709
(510) 273-9902

Christopher W. Grove
Deputy Attorney General
455 Golden Gate Avenue, Suite 11000
San Francisco, CA 94102
(415) 703-5967


102

Opinion Information
Date:Docket Number:
Thu, 07/31/2003S023628

Parties
1The People (Respondent)
Represented by Attorney General - San Francisco Office
Christopher Grove, Deputy Attorney General
455 Golden Gate Avenue, Suite 11000
San Francisco, CA

2Sapp, John (Appellant)
Represented by Bruce Eric Cohen
Attorney at Law
1442-A Walnut St.
Berkeley, CA


Disposition
Jul 31 2003Opinion: Affirmed

Dockets
Oct 16 1991Judgment of death
 
Nov 4 1991Filed certified copy of Judgment of Death Rendered
  10-16-91.
Jan 19 1995Counsel appointment order filed
  Upon request of appellant for appointment of counsel, Bruce Eric Cohen, Esq., is hereby appointed to represent appellant on his automatic appeal now pending in this court, including any related habeas proceedings.
Jan 19 1995Compensation awarded counsel
 
Feb 1 1995Note:
  Received 8 Boxes of Record Prematurely Forwarded by Contra costa County Clerk. Record returned this Date.
Feb 8 1995Application for Extension of Time filed
  By Applt to request correction of Record.
Feb 9 1995Extension of Time application Granted
  To Applt To 4-21-95 To request Corr. of Record.
Apr 21 1995Application for Extension of Time filed
  By Applt to request correction of Record.
Apr 25 1995Extension of Time application Granted
  To Applt To 6-20-95 To request Corr. of Record.
Jun 19 1995Application for Extension of Time filed
  By Applt to request correction of Record.
Jun 20 1995Extension of Time application Granted
  To Applt To 8-21-95 To request Corr. of Record.
Jul 14 1995Received:
  copy of appellant's request for correction, for additional record & to examine sealed documents & transcripts (filed 7-13-95 in superior court) (319 pp.)
Jul 19 1995Compensation awarded counsel
 
Nov 15 1996Record on appeal filed
  C-34 (8,596 Pp.) and R-88 (13,567 Pp.); Clerk's Transcript includes 3,472 pages of Juror Questionnaires.
Nov 15 1996Appellant's opening brief letter sent, due:
  12-26-96.
Dec 17 1996Application for Extension of Time filed
  To file Aob.
Dec 18 1996Extension of Time application Granted
  To 2-24-97 To file Aob.
Jan 14 1997Compensation awarded counsel
 
Feb 21 1997Application for Extension of Time filed
  By Applt to file AOB
Feb 26 1997Extension of Time application Granted
  To April 25,1997 To file AOB
Apr 30 1997Application for Extension of Time filed
  To file Aob.
May 1 1997Extension of Time application Granted
  To 6-24-97 To file Aob.
Jun 18 1997Application for Extension of Time filed
  To file Aob.
Jun 26 1997Extension of Time application Granted
  To 8-25-97 To file Aob.
Aug 21 1997Application for Extension of Time filed
  To file Aob.
Aug 25 1997Extension of Time application Granted
  To 10-24-97 To file Aob.
Oct 22 1997Application for Extension of Time filed
  By Applt to file AOB
Oct 28 1997Extension of Time application Granted
  To November 24,1997 To file AOB
Nov 20 1997Application for Extension of Time filed
  To file Aob.
Nov 24 1997Extension of Time application Granted
  To 1-23-98 To file Aob.
Jan 16 1998Application for Extension of Time filed
  By Applt to file AOB
Jan 21 1998Extension of Time application Granted
  To March 24,1998 To file AOB
Mar 18 1998Application for Extension of Time filed
  To file Aob.
Mar 20 1998Extension of Time application Granted
  To 4-23-98 To file Aob.
Apr 21 1998Application for Extension of Time filed
  To file Aob.
Apr 28 1998Extension of Time application Granted
  To 5-26-98 To file AOB
May 22 1998Application for Extension of Time filed
  By Applt to file AOB
Jun 2 1998Extension of Time application Granted
  To 7-27-98 To file AOB no further Extensions of time Are Contemplated
Jul 23 1998Application for Extension of Time filed
  To file Aob.
Aug 4 1998Extension of Time application Granted
  To 9-25-98 To file AOB no further Extensions of time will be granted
Sep 24 1998Application for Extension of Time filed
  To file AOB
Sep 24 1998Extension of Time application Denied
  To file AOB
Nov 6 1998Compensation awarded counsel
 
Jan 13 1999Order filed:
  Appellant's opening brief shall be filed on or before 2-1-99. If the brief is not filed by that date, the court will consider the issuance of an order directing counsel to show cause before this court, when the matter is ordered on calendar, why counsel for appellant should not be held in contempt of court for the willful neglect of his duty to file the appellant's opening brief.
Feb 10 1999Filed:
  Applt's request for Relief from Default to file Aob.
Feb 10 1999Filed:
  Applic. for permission to file AOB Exceeding 280 Pp. (brief submitted Under Separate Cover.)
Feb 10 1999Filed:
  Confidential Declaration of Atty Bruce Cohen.
Feb 11 1999Order filed:
  The request of Applt for Relief from Default to file The AOB Is Granted. The Applic. for Perm. to file an Overlength brief Is Granted.
Feb 11 1999Appellant's opening brief filed
  (2 Vols. - 599 Pp.)
Feb 19 1999Compensation awarded counsel
 
Feb 23 1999Received:
  Replacement pages for Aob.
Feb 24 1999Filed:
  Applt's request for Augmentation of the Record.
Mar 8 1999Application for Extension of Time filed
  To file Resp's brief.
Mar 16 1999Extension of Time application Granted
  To 5-11-99 To file Respondent's brief
Apr 14 1999Order filed:
  Appellant's motion to augment the appellate record, filed 2-24-99, is granted. The Court of Appeal, First Appellate District, Divison Four, is directed to make and forward to this court one copy of each of the following documents in the record of Hallissy v. Superior Court (A039773): 1. The reporter's transcript of the municipal court hearing on 9-30-87, in the case of People v. John Sapp (Contra Costa County Co. No. 33597-6). This transcript is lodged as a separately bound exhibit. 2. The reporter's transcript of the municipal court hearing on 10-21-87, in the case of People v. John Sapp (Contra Costa County Co. No. 33597-6). This transcript is lodged as exhibit G of the Appendix to Petitioner's Traverse. 3. The corrected Return (including supporting memorandum) that appellant Sapp, as real party in interest, filed in the Court of Appeal on 1-5-88. 4. This court's order of 11-12-87, granting review and transferring the matter to the Court of Appeal with directions to issue an alternative writ. 5. Any petition for rehearing that appellant Sapp may have filed.
May 10 1999Application for Extension of Time filed
  To file Resp's brief.
May 12 1999Extension of Time application Granted
  To 7-12-99 To file Resp's brief.
May 21 1999Motion filed
  By Resp to Unseal Reporter' Transcript of in Camera Hearing Re: Substitution of Counsel.
May 27 1999Filed:
  Letter from Applt, dated 5-22-99, Advising Applt has no Objection to Resp's motion to Unseal R.T. of in Camera Hearing Held on 2-3-89.
Jun 23 1999Order filed:
  Respondent's "Request to Unseal Reporter's Transcript of the In-camera Hearing Re: Substitution of Counsel," filed 5-21-99, is granted. The reporter's transcript of the in-camera hearing conducted in this matter on 2-3-89, regarding the substitution of trial counsel for appellant Sapp, is ordered unsealed.
Jul 1 1999Application for Extension of Time filed
  To file Resp's brief.
Jul 2 1999Extension of Time application Granted
  To 9-10-99 To file Respondent's brief
Aug 30 1999Application for Extension of Time filed
  To file Resp's brief
Sep 1 1999Extension of Time application Granted
  To 10/18/99 To file Resp's brief.
Oct 18 1999Filed:
  Appl. for Leave to file Oversized Resp's brief. (Resp's brief submitted Under Separate Cover)
Oct 19 1999Order filed:
  Resp's Appl. for Leave to file Resp's brief in Excess of 280 pages Is Granted.
Oct 19 1999Respondent's brief filed
  (325 Pps.)
Oct 21 1999Filed:
  Resp's request for Judicial Notice.
Oct 29 1999Filed:
  Applt's Objection to State's request for Judicial Notice.
Nov 3 1999Application for Extension of Time filed
  To file reply brief.
Nov 4 1999Extension of Time application Granted
  T0 1/7/2000 to file reply brief.
Dec 27 1999Application for Extension of Time filed
  To file reply brief.
Dec 30 1999Extension of Time application Granted
  To 3/8/2000 To file reply brief.
Mar 2 2000Application for Extension of Time filed
  To file reply brief.
Mar 6 2000Extension of Time application Granted
  To 5/8/2000 To file reply brief.
May 2 2000Application for Extension of Time filed
  To file reply brief.
May 4 2000Extension of Time application Granted
  To 7/7/2000 To file reply brief.
Jul 3 2000Application for Extension of Time filed
  to file reply brief.
Jul 11 2000Extension of Time application Granted
  To 9/5/2000 to file reply brief.
Sep 1 2000Application for Extension of Time filed
  to file reply brief. (6th request)
Sep 8 2000Extension of Time application Granted
  To 11/6/2000 to file reply brief. No further ext. of time are contemplated.
Oct 10 2000Counsel's status report received (confidential)
 
Nov 2 2000Application for Extension of Time filed
  To file reply brief. (7th request)
Nov 3 2000Extension of Time application Granted
  To 1/5/2001 to file reply brief. No further ext. of time will be granted.
Jan 2 2001Application for Extension of Time filed
  To file reply brief.
Jan 8 2001Extension of Time application Denied
  To file reply brief.
Jan 22 2001Counsel's status report received (confidential)
 
Jan 31 2001Application for relief from default filed
  To file reply brief. (reply brief submitted under separate cover)
Feb 5 2001Order filed:
  Applt's application for relief from default to file applt's reply brief is granted.
Feb 5 2001Appellant's reply brief filed
  (112 pages)
Feb 22 2001Compensation awarded counsel
  Atty Cohen
May 3 2001Compensation awarded counsel
  Atty Cohen
Jun 15 2001Counsel's status report received (confidential)
 
Oct 9 2001Counsel's status report received (confidential)
 
Oct 12 2001Counsel's status report received (confidential)
 
Nov 13 2001Compensation awarded counsel
  Atty Cohen
Feb 13 2002Counsel's status report received (confidential)
 
May 10 2002Counsel's status report received (confidential)
 
Sep 17 2002Counsel's status report received (confidential)
  from atty Cohen.
Mar 11 2003Oral argument letter sent
  advising counsel that case could be scheduled for oral argument as early as the May calendars, to be held in S.F. the week of May 5 and also the week of May 27, 2003. Any request for additional time to argue, notification of requirement for two counsel, or advisement of "focus issues" due no later than 10 days after the case has been set for oral argument.
Mar 14 2003Filed:
  Request from appellant's counsel that oral argument be scheduled for September calendar.
Mar 17 2003Filed:
  Supplemental declaration of service of request that oral argument be placed on the September calendar.
Mar 19 2003Letter sent to:
  attorney Cohen advising that in light of the fact that the court has granted an extension of time for filing the AOB in the Solomon case, his request that oral argument be placed on the September calendar rather than on the May calendar is denied.
Apr 8 2003Received letter from:
  attorney Cohen (via fax), dated 4-8-2003, advising of his preference that oral argument be placed on the end-of-May calendar.
Apr 9 2003Case ordered on calendar
  5-8-03, 9am, S.F.
Apr 17 2003Request for judicial notice denied
  The Attorney General's request for judicial notice filed on 10-21-99, is denied.
Apr 22 2003Filed letter from:
  Appellant's counsel, dated 4/19/2003, re focus issues for oral argument and requesting 45 minutes for argument.
Apr 22 2003Order filed
  The request of appellant for 45 minutes for oral argument is granted.
Apr 25 2003Filed letter from:
  Respondent's counsel, dated 4/25/2003, re focus issues for oral argument.
May 8 2003Cause argued and submitted
 
Jun 23 2003Filed:
  Notice of change in telephone and fax numbers for appellant's counsel Bruce Cohen.
Jul 29 2003Received letter from:
  appellant, dated 7-28-2003, regarding recent decision in People v. Kenneth Ray Neal, S106440.
Jul 31 2003Opinion filed: Judgment affirmed in full
  Majority opinion by Kennard, J. ---------joined by George, C.J., Baxter, Werdegar, Chin, Brown, Moreno, JJ.
Aug 20 2003Rehearing petition filed
  by appellant. (16 pp. - per rule 40k - petition mailed certified mail on 8/15/2003)
Aug 22 2003Request for modification of opinion filed
  by non-party, attorney Jack A. Rauch (by letter dated 8-4-2003).
Aug 26 2003Time extended to consider modification or rehearing
  to 10/29/2003, or the date upon which rehearing is either granted or denied, whichever occurs first.
Oct 15 2003Rehearing denied
  Baxter, J., was recused and did participate.
Oct 15 2003Opinion modified - no change in judgment
 
Oct 16 2003Remittitur issued (AA)
 
Oct 21 2003Received:
  Acknowledgment of receipt of remittitur.
Oct 29 2003Order filed (150 day statement)
 
Jan 13 2004Received:
  Copy of appellant's cert perition (31 pp.)
Jan 20 2004Received letter from:
  U.S.S.C., dated 1/16/2004, advising cert petition filed on 1/16/2004 as No. 03-8427.
Jan 21 2004Compensation awarded counsel
  Atty Cohen
Mar 22 2004Counsel's status report received (confidential)
 
Apr 19 2004Received:
  copy of appellant's reply to state's brief in opposition to cert petition. (4 pp.)
May 3 2004Certiorari denied by U.S. Supreme Court
 
Aug 23 2004Counsel's status report received (confidential)
 
Nov 1 2004Counsel's status report received (confidential)
 
Dec 30 2004Related habeas corpus petition filed (post-judgment)
  case no. S130314.
Dec 30 2004Counsel's status report received (confidential)
 
Jan 5 2005Compensation awarded counsel
  Atty Cohen
Feb 6 2007Habeas funds request filed (confidential)
  by Sapp.
Jun 13 2007Order filed re habeas funds request (confidential)
  re: request filed on February 6, 2007.

Briefs
Feb 11 1999Appellant's opening brief filed
 
Oct 19 1999Respondent's brief filed
 
Feb 5 2001Appellant's reply brief filed
 
If you'd like to submit a brief document to be included for this opinion, please submit an e-mail to the SCOCAL website