Filed 6/13/13
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF CALIFORNIA
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent,
S073597
v.
JUAN MANUEL LOPEZ,
Los Angeles County
Defendant and Appellant.
Super. Ct. No. PA023649
An information filed in February 1997 charged defendant Juan Manuel
Lopez and his brother Ricardo Lopez with the April 1996 murder of Melinda
Carmody (Pen. Code, § 187)1 and four other counts: kidnapping (§ 207,
subd. (a)), assault by means of force likely to produce great bodily injury and/or
with a deadly weapon (§ 245, subd. (a)(1)), first degree residential burglary
(§ 459), and second degree burglary of a vehicle (§ 459). The information also
alleged a special circumstance that the murder was committed for the purpose of
preventing the victim‟s testimony in a criminal proceeding and that a principal was
armed with a firearm in the commission of the offense. (§§ 190.2, subd. (a)(10),
former 12022, subd. (a)(1), as amended by Stats. 1995, ch. 377, § 8, p. 1948.)2
1
Hereafter, undesignated statutory references are to the Penal Code.
2
Defendant was jointly tried before a single jury with his brother Ricardo
who was the actual shooter. Ricardo was convicted of murder and the witness-
murder special circumstance was found true as to him. Because Ricardo was
(footnote continued on next page)
1
A jury convicted defendant of murder and found true the special
circumstance and weapon allegations. The jury also convicted defendant of all
charged crimes except the vehicle burglary count, as to which it was unable to
reach a decision. The jury then returned a verdict of death, which the trial court
declined to modify. This appeal is automatic. (§ 1239, subd. (b).) We affirm the
judgment.
I. FACTS
A. Guilt Phase
1. Prosecution evidence
In 1995, defendant was the leader of the Parthenia Street gang. In March
1995, when she was 14 years old, Melinda “Mindy” Carmody was “jumped into”
the Baby Locas — the female adjunct of defendant‟s gang.3 One of the girls who
initiated her into the gang was the leader of the Baby Locas, Sandra Ramirez, who
became Mindy‟s friend. Mindy‟s gang moniker was “Crazy” and Ramirez‟s was
“Shy Girl.” Shortly after she joined the gang, Mindy began a relationship with
defendant. She eventually ran away from home and moved in with defendant‟s
family. In September 1995, Mindy returned home but continued her relationship
with defendant.
(footnote continued from previous page)
under the age of 18 at the time of the crime, the prosecution did not seek the death
penalty against him and he was sentenced to life in prison without the possibility
of parole.
3
To join a gang, the novice gang member is set upon by several members of
the gang and has to fight them off; this is called being “jumped in.” Mindy had to
fight with three members of the Baby Locas in order to join the gang.
2
Mindy broke up with defendant in February 1996. According to Mindy‟s
preliminary hearing testimony, defendant called her at her mother‟s home on the
morning of March 13, 1996, and asked if he could come by to pick up some
papers. Mindy said no, because she was afraid of defendant. While they were still
dating, defendant had told her that if she ever broke up with him, he would kill
her.
About an hour after he called, defendant entered Mindy‟s house through the
garage. He asked her if she wanted to leave with him. When she said no,
defendant approached her with a knife. He stabbed her with the knife in the back
of the neck and she fell onto the couch. Defendant started choking her. While he
was choking her, he told her that if he “can‟t have [her], no one can.” She fell off
the couch and he released her, then he pulled her to her feet by her hair and forced
her upstairs to her bedroom. Defendant put Mindy in her closet and grabbed a bag
and told her to get some clothes because they were leaving. After packing the bag
he pulled her downstairs. Outside of the house, he placed her into the backseat of
a waiting car. Another man Mindy had never seen before was in the driver‟s seat.
Before they left, defendant told her to change her shirt because there was blood on
it.
At the preliminary hearing Mindy testified further that they drove first to
defendant‟s house where Mindy waited in the car while defendant went inside to
retrieve a bag. They then went to the house of defendant‟s aunt, Maria Hernandez,
and defendant left her there. Hernandez helped clean the back of Mindy‟s neck,
which was bleeding, and she changed her shirt again. Mindy remained at
Hernandez‟s house for four hours but was unable to communicate with her
because Hernandez spoke Spanish and Mindy did not. Eventually, Hernandez
drove Mindy home.
3
Later that same day, about 5:00 p.m., Los Angeles Police Officer Robert
Denton responded to a call to Mindy‟s home. According to the officer, Mindy was
upset and nervous and started crying while he was talking to her. He took her to
the police station. Photographs taken at the station showed fingerprint bruising
and scratch marks around Mindy‟s throat and a wound to the back of her neck that
had been oozing blood since Officer Denton first saw it.
Police arrested defendant on the night of the incident when, responding to a
report of a car break-in at a condominium complex near where Mindy lived, they
found him in a dirt area beneath a balcony. Defendant told the arresting officers
that he “didn‟t do anything,” but “was in the area to see his girlfriend.” He kept
repeating that he “loved her too much.”
Detective Morritt interrogated defendant. After waiving his Miranda rights
(Miranda v. Arizona (1966) 384 U.S. 436), defendant told Morritt that Mindy had
given him permission to come to her house to pick up some papers. Defendant
said he took a bus to Mindy‟s house and, once there, they argued and he hit and
choked her. Nonetheless, according to defendant, Mindy voluntarily went with
him to his house. From there, a friend drove them to the home of defendant‟s
aunt.
Sometime after his arrest, defendant telephoned Sandra Ramirez, the leader
of the Baby Locas, telling her that he had stabbed Mindy in the neck and
kidnapped her. He also told her that he wanted to take Mindy to Mexico to marry
her.
Mindy testified against defendant at the preliminary hearing on the
kidnapping and assault charges on March 28, 1996. According to Detective
Morritt, Mindy appeared frightened and upset, and cried at times during her
testimony. At one point during Mindy‟s testimony, defendant sat forward in his
chair and said, “I don‟t have to sit here and listen to this shit.”
4
Defendant called Ramirez on March 26 and March 27, 1996, from the cell
area at the court where his preliminary hearing was held. In the first call, he again
admitted to Ramirez that he had stabbed and kidnapped Mindy. He told Ramirez
to tell Mindy not to go to court. In the second call, he asked Ramirez to come to
court and pick up a letter that he had written to Mindy and deliver it to her.
Defendant was held to answer on the kidnapping and assault charges on
March 28, 1996. Defendant‟s sister, Patricia (Patty), told police that defendant
called her during the first week of April and asked her to set up a three-way call
with their brother, Ricardo, also known by his gang name “Diablo,” and Jorge
Uribe, a gang member who was known as “Pelon.” Patty set up the call but did
not listen to the conversation.4
On April 11, defendant again called Ramirez while she was talking to Alma
Cruz, another member of the Baby Locas. Ramirez, Cruz, and defendant all spoke
together on a three-way call. Defendant told them they had to go to a gang
meeting that was scheduled for the following night to discuss paying dues to the
Mexican Mafia. They also talked about the girls‟ plan to jump in a new member, a
girl called “Happy,” who was Mindy‟s friend. The plan was to jump Happy in at a
park outside the gang‟s territory. Defendant insisted, however, that the girls jump
her in at an alley claimed by the gang. Defendant explained that if Happy was
jumped in at the park she would not be from the gang-controlled neighborhood.
Ramirez did not believe it mattered where the new gang member was jumped in,
4
After Ricardo was arrested he made a statement to police that was
introduced into evidence against him at his joint trial with defendant after it had
been redacted to omit any reference to defendant. Ricardo told police he and
Uribe discussed killing Mindy before the murder and that Uribe gave him the gun
he used.
5
but because defendant was the gang leader she agreed. According to Cruz,
defendant asked her “if [she] could kill one of [her] homegirls.” Cruz replied that
it depended on whether “[the homegirl] would do something to me.” Defendant
said, “I already have someone doing it for me.”
Records showed that on April 10, the day before defendant‟s conversation
with Ramirez and Cruz, there were a number of phone calls from defendant‟s
cellblock in the jail to the Lopez residence where his brother Ricardo lived with
their parents. On April 11, the same day defendant spoke to Ramirez and Cruz,
calls were made from the superior court cell area at Van Nuys, where defendant
was arraigned, again to the Lopez residence. Three calls were also made the
following day, April 12, the day Mindy was killed, from where defendant was
being held in custody, to the Lopez residence.
On Friday, April 12, 1996, Baby Locas leader Ramirez drove various
members of the gang, including Mindy, to an alley off Schoenborn Street to attend
the gang meeting and to initiate Happy into the Baby Locas. When they arrived,
the sole male gang members present were Ricardo and Uribe. According to
Ramirez, Mindy seemed frightened by Ricardo‟s presence, but Ramirez told her
not to worry because he “wasn‟t going to do nothing.” Ricardo was drinking beer,
as were other gang members including Mindy and Ramirez. Ricardo, Uribe, and
other male gang members were on one side of the street and the females were on
the opposite side.
At some point, Ramirez went to talk to Ricardo, who was standing with
Uribe. Ricardo asked, “Why did you bring them?” and told her “[Y]ou know
what‟s going to happen.” According to Ramirez, she did not know what he meant
by that, nor what he meant when he also told her that, “if anything happened, to
say it was a drive by.” Ricardo then took a gun out of his waistband, pointed it at
6
Ramirez and said he was going to shoot her. Ricardo put the gun away and
Ramirez walked away.
Uribe crossed the street and told Mindy that Ricardo wanted to talk to her.
Mindy made a face as if she did not want to speak to him, but she went. Ramirez
noticed that Mindy was talking to Ricardo. She saw his gun at the side of his leg
and then she heard Mindy scream, “Shy Girl, let‟s get out of here.” She looked
and saw Mindy coming toward her quickly with Ricardo following her. He was
pointing his gun at Mindy and then he started shooting. Ramirez heard
approximately five shots. Mindy fell into the street. Ricardo walked up to her and
shot her while she was on the ground. One of the girls present heard Ricardo say
something about his brother.
After Ricardo shot Mindy, he walked away with the gun to his own head.
Ramirez and the other girls ran to Mindy and tried to move her, but
ultimately left her at the scene because they were afraid to say anything to the
police. The girls got into Ramirez‟s car and drove to a convenience store where
one of them called 911.
Meanwhile, Leticia Corona, who lived on Schoenborn Street, was returning
home around 9:00 p.m. when she saw Mindy lying in the street. She and her sister
got out of the car to help. There was a pool of blood beneath Mindy‟s head but
she was still alive. Although her eyes remained closed, she tried to lift herself off
the road. Eventually, the paramedics arrived. The next morning Corona returned
to the scene and found a smashed-up bullet near the gutter. She gave it to police
who later matched it to a gun taken from the Lopez residence.
A Los Angeles firefighter-paramedic transported Mindy to a nearby
hospital. He and the hospital chaplain testified that Mindy‟s pager had a message
that read “187” and a phone number later identified as belonging to Mindy‟s
7
mother. Mindy died at the hospital several hours after her arrival. The cause of
death was multiple gunshot wounds.
On April 13, 1996, the day after the shooting, defendant called Sandra
Ramirez and asked, “What happened?” She told him that Ricardo had shot
Mindy. Defendant asked Ramirez if she knew where Ricardo was and hung up
after she told him she did not. Later that day, Ricardo called Ramirez and told her
to say that Mindy‟s killing was a drive-by shooting. Defendant then called
Ramirez a second time and asked if she had spoken to police. When she said no,
he told her, “Don‟t say anything.” Ricardo then called Ramirez again, this time
telling her to tell the “girls” to attend a meeting that night so they would know
what to say about the shooting. According to Ramirez, when she told him she
could not go, he told her that “if [she and other Baby Locas] didn‟t go [to the
meeting], the same thing [as had happened to Mindy] was going to happen to us.”
Phone and inmate locator records for that day show four calls were made to
the Lopez residence from where defendant was being held in custody.
Detective Oppelt interviewed defendant 12 days after the shooting.
Defendant denied having anything to do with Mindy‟s death and said that he had
learned of it only one week earlier when the lawyer representing him on the
kidnapping and assault case mentioned it to him. He said he was both mad and
sad at things Mindy testified to at the preliminary hearing. He also told the
detective he was depressed about her death. Defendant volunteered that Mindy
told him that she had been receiving the number 187 on her pager and that he had
assured her the message was not from anyone in his family.
Defendant asserted that since his arrest on the assault and kidnapping
charges he had not spoken to his brother Ricardo and he also denied having
spoken to Jorge Uribe. He also initially claimed not to have spoken to Sandra
8
Ramirez but then acknowledged that he had talked to her about jumping a girl into
the gang.
In January 1997, before the preliminary hearing in the present case, Sandra
Ramirez‟s boyfriend received a letter from Ricardo sent from a jail facility. The
letter instructed him to tell Ramirez “not to go to court or else” Ricardo would
“have the homeboys take care of her.”
2. Defense evidence
Defendant presented the testimony of his mother, aunt, and his aunt‟s
husband. They each testified that they saw Mindy on the day she was allegedly
kidnapped by defendant and that she did not appear to be frightened, nor was she
injured. Defendant‟s mother testified further that defendant and Mindy wanted to
go to Mexico to get married. His aunt testified that she talked them out of this
plan. Defendant‟s uncle testified that he, not his wife, drove defendant and Mindy
from his house to Mindy‟s neighborhood. He also testified that Mindy did not
appear frightened or injured.
In his defense, Ricardo introduced a portion of Ramon Ramos‟s
preliminary hearing testimony after Ramos refused to testify. Ramos, whose gang
moniker was “Oso,” testified that Ricardo was drinking beer before he shot Mindy
and that after he shot her, he put the gun to his own head and clicked it. He also
testified that after he took the gun from Ricardo, Ricardo said, “It‟s for my
carnal,” meaning his brother, defendant.
3. Prosecution rebuttal evidence
The prosecution presented Mindy‟s diary entry for the day of the assault in
which she had written that “Bird [defendant] broke in and stabbed me and choked
me and kidnapped me. Went to Police station, went to Grandma‟s.” She also told
one of her schoolteachers about the incident.
9
B. Penalty Phase Evidence
1. Prosecution evidence
The prosecution presented evidence of defendant‟s violent acts while in
custody. Sheriff‟s Deputies Romo and Perez testified that defendant had been
injured in a fight with another inmate. After defendant had been treated in the jail
infirmary, Perez prepared to use some handcuffs to transport him to the
disciplinary building. Defendant said, “Fuck you, I ain‟t going to the hole,” and
tried to elbow and punch Perez in the face. In the ensuing struggle, the deputy
suffered scratches, swelling and bruising. Several deputies eventually subdued
defendant.
The prosecution also presented victim impact testimony from Mindy‟s
stepmother, her grandmother, and her mother. Each testified that she had had a
close relationship with Mindy and that Mindy‟s death had been devastating to her.
2. Defense evidence
Defendant declined to present a penalty phase case.
II. DISCUSSION
A. Jury Selection Issues
1. Limitation on voir dire
The juror questionnaire in this case included four questions that touched on
racial or ethnic bias — defendant is Hispanic and Mindy was Caucasian —
including a question that asked prospective jurors whether they believed there was
racial discrimination against Latinos in Southern California. (Question No. 86.)
Prior to voir dire, the court indicated it would not ask followup questions of those
jurors who did not respond to this question. Both defendants objected. On appeal,
defendant contends the court abused its discretion by failing to ask such followup
questions. We conclude otherwise.
10
a. Background
At the time of defendant‟s trial, the trial court alone conducted voir dire.
(See Code Civ. Proc., former § 223, added by Prop. 115, § 7, approved by the
electorate effective June 6, 1990 [voir dire from counsel permitted only for “good
cause”].) Nonetheless, prior to voir dire, the court and counsel collaborated on the
juror questionnaire.
Four questions on the questionnaire addressed the issue of racial or ethnic
bias. Question No. 86 stated: “If you believe that there is racial discrimination
against Latino/Mexican-Americans in Southern California, please describe the
problem as you see it.” Question No. 82 informed prospective jurors that they
were to use “the same standards (which will be given to you by the court) to judge
all witnesses‟ credibility regardless of their occupation, lifestyle, race, ethnic
background, language, sex, or sexual orientation. If you do not believe you can do
this, or if you believe it would be difficult for you to do so, please set forth your
thoughts about this.” Question No. 87 asked prospective jurors: “Have you ever
been afraid of another person because of their race,” and, if so, “what was the
circumstance?” Question No. 88 asked: “Are you a member of any private club,
civic, professional or fraternal organization which limits its membership on the
basis of race, ethnic origin, sex or religious convictions,” and, if so, “please
identify the club(s) or organization(s).”
Before the first group of prospective jurors entered the courtroom, the trial
court made the following statement with respect to question No. 86: “I noticed in
reading the questionnaires, as I‟m confident you did as well, that a number of
people did not respond to the question about racial prejudice. I don‟t have any
intention of following up on that question, ladies and gentlemen . . . . In some of
those responses, some showed a great sensitivity to the question, others showed
less than great sensitivity to the question. For other people it was apparently
11
something they had a ready answer to, and that suggests perhaps something about
them one way or the other as any person would choose to infer; but inasmuch as
the non-Hispanic who is part of the information before the court goes, that is, the
alleged victim, she is the only non-Hispanic, I believe, with respect to the charges
themselves, and there does not seem to have been any kind of discriminatory
prosecution here. I mean it‟s a simple and regular charging; and so if those people
did not answer that, I do not intend to go over that subject matter.5” Ricardo‟s
counsel objected “on behalf of my client, reserving any possible appeal rights,
both on federal and state constitutional grounds.” Defendant‟s counsel joined “for
the same purpose.”6
b. Discussion
“At the time of trial in this matter, Code of Civil Procedure section 223,
enacted by Proposition 115 (approved by the electorate effective June 6, 1990),
provided for court-conducted examination of prospective jurors in a criminal case,
5
The trial court‟s comment about discriminatory prosecution is irrelevant to
the issue of whether additional questions to question No. 86 were required to
probe the issue of possible racial or ethnic bias on the part of the prospective
jurors.
6
The Attorney General contends this objection was insufficient to preserve
the present claim on appeal because defense counsel failed to specify the precise
state and federal constitutional grounds that were the basis of his objection. We
disagree. In contrast to People v. Staten (2000) 24 Cal.4th 434, cited by the
Attorney General, in which the defendant failed to request further questions
regarding racial bias in addition to those on the questionnaire that defense counsel
helped draft, defendant did object to the court‟s explicit decision not to ask
followup racial bias questions. Moreover, although unspecified, the objection was
on constitutional grounds. We conclude that the objection was sufficient to
preserve the issue on appeal. (See People v. Partida (2005) 37 Cal.4th 428, 436-
437.)
12
including death penalty cases, in the presence of the other jurors.” (People v.
Avila (2006) 38 Cal.4th 491, 534.) “An appellate court applies the abuse of
discretion standard of review to a trial court‟s conduct of the voir dire of
prospective jurors.” (People v. Benavides (2005) 35 Cal.4th 69, 88.)
“Where the jury in its discretion is responsible for determining whether a
defendant lives or dies, the need for juror impartiality is obviously most acute.”
(People v. Williams (1989) 48 Cal.3d 1112, 1131, original italics.) Given the
gravity of the stakes in a capital case, the United States Supreme Court has held
that “a capital defendant accused of an interracial crime is entitled to have
prospective jurors . . . questioned on the issue of racial bias.” (Turner v. Murray
(1986) 476 U.S. 28, 36-37.) Mindful of these admonitions, we nonetheless
conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in this case by declining to
question prospective jurors who left blank question No. 86 regarding potential
racial bias.
Unlike decisions cited by defendant, this is not a case in which prospective
jurors were not questioned at all about potential racial bias. (See, e.g., Turner v.
Murray, supra, 476 U.S. at pp. 36-37 [refusal of trial court to question prospective
jurors about racial bias in capital case involving murder of Caucasian shopkeeper
by African-American defendant]; Ham v. South Carolina (1973) 409 U.S. 524,
526-527 [where defendant was a young African-American civil rights worker who
asserted that his prosecution for drug possession was in retaliation for his civil
rights activities, the trial court‟s refusal to ask questions about racial bias violated
the 14th Amend.].) Here, the juror questionnaire clearly addressed the issue of
potential bias with four questions, including question No. 86.
Defendant also cites People v. Holt (1997) 15 Cal.4th 619, in support of his
claim. In Holt, we agreed that “adequate inquiry into possible racial bias is . . .
essential in a case in which an African-American defendant is charged with
13
commission of a capital crime against a White victim.” (Id. at p. 660.) However,
we went on to observe: “Unless the voir dire by a court is so inadequate that the
reviewing court can say that the resulting trial was fundamentally unfair, the
manner in which voir dire is conducted is not a basis for reversal.” (Id. at p. 661.)
We cannot so conclude in this case.
Here, four questions on the jury questionnaire addressed the issue of the
prospective jurors‟ possible ethnic or racial bias. Question No. 86 inquired
directly about the attitudes of prospective jurors on the issue of bias against
Latinos in Southern California. As the trial court observed, the responses showed
various levels of sensitivity on that issue, which presumably were useful to the
parties during the selection process. Defendant claims, however, that the trial
court should have questioned jurors who did not respond to that particular question
because their silence may have masked bias against Hispanics. We disagree.
Question No. 86 was constructed as an “if/then” question. Given that
construction, a blank response indicated that the prospective juror did not believe
that there existed racial discrimination against Latinos in Southern California. The
trial court did not abuse its discretion by declining to inquire about every blank
response to ensure that this is what the prospective juror meant. Further, to the
extent a prospective juror responded to the question, as the trial court observed,
the answer would stand for itself and give the parties relevant information.
(Indeed, even a blank response was informative of a prospective juror‟s attitude on
the issue.) Thus, given that “the juror questionnaire gave the prospective jurors a
clear opportunity to disclose views about racial bias that would warrant their
excusal from the jury” (People v. Taylor (2010) 48 Cal.4th 574, 609), the trial
court‟s decision not to follow up on a question that did not require an answer and,
as to which, any answer would speak for itself, fell within the appropriate exercise
of its discretion.
14
Moreover, the remaining three questions that touched upon the issue of
racial bias (questions Nos. 82, 87, and 88) were, unlike question No. 86,
constructed in a manner that required a response from the prospective jurors.
Thus, prospective jurors were required to answer whether they could apply the
same standards of credibility to all witnesses despite, among other characteristics,
their ethnic background; whether they had ever been afraid of a person of a
different race and, if so, under what circumstances; and, whether they belonged to
any organization that excluded people from membership for, among other reasons,
their race or ethnic origin. Therefore, whether or not prospective jurors answered
question No. 86, their answers to these other questions would have provided the
parties with some insight into their attitudes about race and ethnicity.
Indeed, and notwithstanding its earlier pronouncement, the trial court asked
three prospective jurors followup questions based on their answers to these
questions. At the request of Ricardo‟s attorney, the trial court asked Prospective
Juror No. 1032 question No. 83 regarding witness credibility. The trial court
repeated question No. 87 to Prospective Juror No. 7502 regarding whether the
juror had ever been afraid of another person because of race and posed a number
of followup questions. Among the questions the court asked was: “Obviously the
defendants who are before the court are Hispanic . . . . Is there anything in the fact
that they are Hispanic that would prejudice you against the defense before you
know anything about the case at all?” When the prospective juror seemed to
hesitate, the court pressed, “You‟re confident of that?” and “Will you reflect on
that and if it‟s problematic please let me know?” In response to the court‟s
inquiry, Prospective Juror No. 0886 indicated that the prospective juror‟s
affirmative answer to question No. 88 was wrong.
15
Defendant suggests the court‟s questions were inadequate because “[v]ery
few jurors would answer these questions in such a way that they would admit to
racial prejudice.” As we have seen, the record does not support this assertion.
In People v. Booker (2011) 51 Cal.4th 141, in which the defendant was
African-American and his victims were not, the defendant claimed the trial court
erred by failing to question prospective jurors about racial bias. We rejected the
claim, observing that “other than the bare fact of the difference between the races
of defendant and the victims, nothing about the circumstances of this crime
suggests race played any role.” (Id. at p. 169.) The same is true here. (See also
People v. Roldan (2005) 35 Cal.4th 646, 695 [“This was not a case in which racial
prejudice was an obvious issue”].) In these circumstances, we find no abuse of
discretion in the trial court‟s decision not to question prospective jurors who left
blank question No. 86.7
Although we find no abuse of discretion here, we take this opportunity to
remind trial courts in capital cases to “closely follow the language and formulae
for voir dire recommended by the Judicial Council in the Standards [of Judicial
Administration] to ensure that all appropriate areas of inquiry are covered in an
7
As noted, defendant‟s specific objection was to the trial court‟s decision not
to ask further questions of prospective jurors who chose not to respond to question
No. 86. To the extent he is also arguing that all four questions on the juror
questionnaire — which his counsel helped draft — were inadequate to assess
racial bias, his argument is forfeited. Defendant did not ask the court to pose
followup questions with respect to questions Nos. 82, 87 or 88 nor did he
generally argue that the questionnaire failed to adequately assess racial bias. (See
People v. Taylor, supra, 48 Cal.4th at pp. 607-608.) Even were this claim not
forfeited, we conclude that on the record before us, voir dire on this issue, both in
the form of the questionnaire and the trial court‟s followup questions was
“ „ “reasonably sufficient to test the jury for bias or partiality.” ‟ [Citation.]”
(People v. Cleveland (2004) 32 Cal.4th 704, 737.)
16
appropriate manner. Failure to use the recommended language may be a factor to
be considered in determining whether a voir dire was adequate, but the entire voir
dire must be considered in making that judgment.” (People v. Holt, supra, 15
Cal.4th at p. 661.)8
2. Prosecutor’s exercise of peremptory challenges
Defendant contends the trial court erroneously denied his claim under
People v. Wheeler (1978) 22 Cal.3d 258 that the prosecutor used peremptory
challenges in an allegedly impermissibly discriminatory manner.9
a. Background
After the prosecutor used a peremptory challenge to excuse an African-
American juror — after having excused another African-American juror the day
before — defense counsel lodged a Wheeler objection. Defense counsel pointed
out that, with the excusal of this prospective juror, “there appear to be . . . no other
Blacks in the entire pool,” and maintained that the dismissed juror “seems
otherwise qualified. She has prior jury experience, including sitting on a jury on a
8
As relevant to this case, “Section 8.5(b)(18) [now redesignated as
4.30(b)(20)] of the California Standards of Judicial Administration (West‟s Ann.
Cal. Codes, Rules (Appen.) (1996 ed.) p. 663) (Standards), suggests this inquiry:
„It may appear that one or more the parties, attorneys or witnesses come from a
particular national, racial or religious group (or may have a life style different than
your own). Would this in any way affect your judgment or the weight and
credibility you would give to their testimony?‟ ” (People v. Holt, supra, 15
Cal.4th at p. 660, fn. 13.) Unlike question No. 86 in this case, the standardized
question requires prospective jurors to provide an answer.
9
Defendant also cites Batson v. Kentucky (1986) 476 U.S. 79, which is
essentially Wheeler‟s federal constitutional counterpart. Notwithstanding his
failure to cite Batson in the trial court, “the Wheeler objection preserves the
Batson claims.” (People v. Lewis and Oliver (2006) 39 Cal.4th 970, 1008, fn. 9.)
17
murder case [and] indicated in her questionnaire she could personally impose the
death penalty if it was appropriate . . . .”
The trial court rejected defendant‟s Wheeler claim, concluding that a prima
facie case of discrimination had not been made with respect to the dismissed juror.
The court found that the prospective juror “doesn‟t seem to be quite tuned in
sometimes,” and noted that she worked “a swing shift at night so that she‟s in
court all day and working during the night. I noticed when she was sitting in the
audience when we originally met her, [she] seemed to be behaving in a relatively
unusual kind of way, leaning over her seat, not tuning in and paying attention to
what we were doing. She had to leave once during the proceedings, as you may
recall, and I can‟t say that that‟s what the exercise [of the peremptory challenge]
was based on, but it would certainly appear to me from what she said and from the
information, that might explain her . . . relatively noticeable conduct in court, that
perhaps added together, that was sufficient.”
Although the court did not find a prima facie case, it invited the prosecutor
to state his position for the record. The prosecutor said, “I think there was quite
enough evidence in the way — in the uncandid manner she answered particularly
on her jury experience to justify my exercise of a peremptory.” Ricardo‟s counsel,
but not defendant‟s, objected to the sufficiency of the prosecutor‟s explanation for
his exercise of his peremptory challenge. Ricardo‟s counsel said she disagreed
that any lack of candor by the prospective juror was sufficient to justify excusal.
The court replied, “If it [were] for cause, I would certainly disagree as well, but
it‟s not for cause. It‟s peremptory and it is a sufficient reason.”
b. Discussion
We recently summarized the law governing defendant‟s claim in People v.
Clark (2011) 52 Cal.4th 856. “ „ “Under Wheeler, supra, 22 Cal.3d 258, „[a]
18
prosecutor‟s use of peremptory challenges to strike prospective jurors on the basis
of group bias — that is, bias against “members of an identifiable group
distinguished on racial, religious, ethnic, or similar grounds” — violates the right
of a criminal defendant to trial by a jury drawn from a representative cross-section
of the community under article I, section 16 of the state Constitution. [Citations.]‟
[Citation.] „Such a practice also violates the defendant‟s right to equal protection
under the Fourteenth Amendment. [Citations.]‟ ” ‟ (People v. Taylor (2010) 48
Cal.4th 574, 611.) [¶] In ruling on a motion challenging the exercise of
peremptory strikes, the trial court follows a three-step procedure. „First, the
defendant must make out a prima facie case “by showing that the totality of the
relevant facts gives rise to an inference of discriminatory purpose.” [Citation.]
Second, once the defendant has made out a prima facie case, the “burden shifts to
the State to explain adequately the racial exclusion” by offering permissible race-
neutral justifications for the strikes. [Citations.] Third, “[i]f a race-neutral
explanation is tendered, the trial court must then decide . . . whether the opponent
of the strike has proved purposeful racial discrimination.” [Citation.]‟ (Johnson v.
California [(2005)] 545 U.S. 162, 168, fn. omitted (Johnson).) [¶] Under
Johnson, a defendant establishes a prima facie case „by producing evidence
sufficient to permit the trial judge to draw an inference that discrimination has
occurred.‟ (Johnson, supra, 545 U.S. at p. 170; see also People v. Taylor, supra,
48 Cal.4th at p. 614.) . . . When, as here, it is unclear from the record whether the
trial court employed [a former, now] disapproved-of standard, „ “we review the
record independently to „apply the high court‟s standard and resolve the legal
question whether the record supports an inference that the prosecutor excused a
juror‟ on a prohibited discriminatory basis.” [Citations.]‟ [Citation.]” (Id. at
pp. 903-904.)
19
Defendant contends the statistical disparity in the prosecutor‟s use of
peremptory challenges in which half (two out of four) were directed at the only
African-American prospective jurors raises an inference of discriminatory
purpose. In an analogous factual situation we rejected a similar claim. “Bonilla
relies principally on the fact that all African-Americans — two of two — were
struck from the juror pool. It is true that the prosecution used peremptories to
challenge both African-Americans in the pool, but „the small absolute size of this
sample makes drawing the inference of discrimination from this fact alone
impossible. “[E]ven the exclusion of a single prospective juror may be the product
of an improper group bias. As a practical matter, however, the challenge of one or
two jurors can rarely suggest a pattern of impermissible exclusion.” ‟ [Citations.]”
(People v. Bonilla (2007) 41 Cal.4th 313, 342-343, fn. omitted.) As in Bonilla, the
size of the sample in this case does not lend itself to an inference of discriminatory
purpose.
Defendant also contends that the trial court‟s reference to the dismissed
juror‟s work schedule as the potential cause of her noticeable inattentiveness relied
on knowledge not in the prosecutor‟s possession. However, the issue is not
whether the prosecutor knew the reason for the prospective juror‟s inattentiveness
and, for purposes of our analysis, we do not consider the trial court‟s hypothesis
regarding the reason for her inattention. Our focus is solely on the trial court‟s
observations regarding the prospective juror‟s lack of attention, which it referred
to as “unusual” and “noticeable.” These observations are relevant to the question
whether the record supports an inference of discriminatory excusal because they
suggest a race-neutral reason for excusing the prospective juror. Defendant does
not challenge the trial court‟s observations that the prospective juror was
unusually and noticeably inattentive. The existence of such an apparent race-
neutral reason further supports our conclusion that defendant has failed to raise the
20
inference that the prosecutor excused the prospective juror on the basis of her race.
(See People v. Taylor, supra, 48 Cal.4th at p. 616 [no inference of discriminatory
purpose where review of the record disclosed race-neutral reasons for excusing an
Afrrican American prospective juror].)
Finally, defendant argues that the trial court should not have credited the
prosecutor‟s proffered explanation for excusing the prospective juror — her
asserted lack of candor in responding to questions about her prior jury service —
and suggests that a comparative analysis also undermines the prosecutor‟s
explanation. If, however, we determine that the trial court correctly found no
prima facie case of discriminatory purpose in the prosecutor‟s exercise of his
peremptory challenges, we need not address his proffered explanation or engage in
comparative analysis. “We have found it proper for trial courts to request and
consider a prosecutor‟s stated reasons for excusing a prospective juror even when
they find no prima facie case of discrimination; indeed, we have encouraged this
practice. [Citations.] However, the trial court is not required to do this at the first
stage of a Wheeler/Batson analysis, and the trial court‟s invitation [to have done so
here] did „not convert [this] first-stage Wheeler/Batson case into a third-stage
case.‟ [Citations.] [¶] Finally, because the trial court‟s request did not „convert
[this] first-stage Wheeler/Batson case into a third-stage case‟ [citation], we also
„decline defendant‟s invitation to engage in comparative juror analysis‟ [citation].”
(People v. Taylor, supra, 48 Cal.4th at pp. 616-617.)
Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court correctly denied defendant‟s
Wheeler motion on the ground that he failed to make a prima facie showing that
the prosecutor‟s use of his peremptory challenge was motivated by group bias.
21
3. Defendant’s absence from in-chambers voir dire questioning
Defendant contends the trial court violated his statutory rights under
section 977 as well as his state and federal constitutional rights to due process and
a trial by jury by conducting some voir dire questioning in chambers and outside
his presence.10 His argument is without merit.
During voir dire, the trial court said it wished to speak to some prospective
jurors privately to determine if they were subject to excusal for cause. The court
indicated that it preferred to do so in chambers to avoid having to send the rest of
the prospective jurors into the hallway. The court told defense counsel: “If your
clients are willing, and if you are willing, I‟ll bring [the prospective jurors] in here
one at a time, we‟ll do it on the record, and you can talk to your clients about
anything you want to talk about with them in between, or whatever. So we‟ll go
back out [into open court], and I‟ll list who it is I want to talk to privately, and
then I‟ll ask you if we can come back here or if we‟ll do it in the courtroom.”
Both defense counsel agreed to this procedure. The trial court returned to the
courtroom, called the names of two prospective jurors, and obtained both sides‟
agreement that these prospective jurors could be questioned in chambers. After
questioning, the court excused one of the two prospective jurors for cause, over
10
To the extent defendant asserts constitutional claims on appeal not raised
below, we entertain such claims only if “the new arguments do not invoke facts or
legal standards different from those the trial court itself was asked to apply, but
merely assert that the trial court‟s act or omission, insofar as wrong for the reasons
actually presented to that court, had the additional legal consequence of violating
the Constitution. . . . [¶] In [this] instance, of course, rejection, on the merits, of a
claim that the trial court erred on the issue actually before that court necessarily
leads to rejection of the newly applied constitutional „gloss‟ as well. No separate
constitutional discussion is required in such cases, and we therefore provide
none.” (People v. Boyer (2006) 38 Cal.4th 412, 441, fn. 17; see People v. Partida
supra, 37 Cal.4th at pp. 433-439.)
22
defendant‟s objection. The prosecution eventually exercised a peremptory
challenge against the remaining prospective juror.
The following day the court followed the same procedure with two other
prospective jurors. The parties stipulated to the excusal of one of these jurors
because of his wife‟s medical condition. Defendant eventually exercised a
peremptory challenge against the other juror.
The trial court also employed this procedure during the selection of
alternate jurors, questioning five prospective jurors in chambers. One of those
questioned was excused for cause because of her language difficulties.
“ „[A] criminal defendant has a right to be personally present at certain
pretrial proceedings and at trial under various provisions of law, including the
confrontation clause of the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution,
the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States
Constitution, section 15 of article I of the California Constitution, and sections 977
and 1043. [Citation.]‟ [Citation.] The right is not absolute, however. Under
federal constitutional principles, a defendant is entitled to be present at a certain
proceeding only if his or her appearance „is necessary to prevent “interference
with [his] opportunity for effective cross-examination” ‟ or if the proceeding
represents a „ “stage . . . that is critical to [the] outcome” and “his presence would
contribute to the fairness of the procedure.” [Citation.]‟ [Citation.] Our state
Constitution‟s right to personal presence is circumscribed in a similar manner, as
are sections 977 and 1043, which codify that right. [Citations.]” (People v. Clark,
supra, 52 Cal.4th at pp. 1003-1004, fn. omitted.)11 “This court has made it clear
11
Under section 977 a felony defendant must be personally present at certain
specified portions of trial, such as arraignment and imposition of sentence, and “at
all other proceedings unless he or she shall, with leave of court, execute in open
(footnote continued on next page)
23
that neither the state nor the federal Constitution, nor the statutory requirement
that a defendant be present at „all . . . proceedings‟ (§ 977, subd (b)(1)), provides a
criminal defendant with the right to be personally present in chambers or at bench
discussions outside the jury‟s presence on questions of law or other matters as to
which his presence bears no reasonable, substantial relation to his opportunity to
defend the charges against him.” (People v. Harris (2008) 43 Cal.4th 1269, 1306,
fn. omitted.)
In circumstances analogous to this case, we have rejected the claim that a
defendant‟s absence from sidebar or chambers conferences during which
prospective jurors were questioned violated the defendant‟s right to be present.
For instance, in People v. Ochoa (2001) 26 Cal.4th 398, the trial court questioned
two prospective jurors during sidebar conferences at which the defendant‟s
counsel was present but the defendant was not. We rejected his claim that his
absence from these conferences deprived him of his right to be present at trial. We
observed: “Defendant has not indicated any way in which his presence at the
sidebar conferences bore a reasonably substantial relation to his opportunity to
defend himself. He admits the impossibility of knowing what sudden impressions
and unaccountable prejudices he might have formed. Because there must be a
„reasonably substantial relation‟ to defendant‟s ability to defend himself, and not a
mere „shadow‟ benefit, we must reject such claims based on undue speculation.
[Citations.]” (Id. at p. 433.)
(footnote continued from previous page)
court, a written waiver of his or her right to be personally present . . . .” (§ 977,
subd. (b)(1).) Section 1043 requires that a felony defendant “be personally present
at the trial.” (§ 1043, subd. (a).)
24
In this case, defendant asserts that his exclusion from these conferences
“made it impossible for [him] to assist his counsel when jurors were challenged
and excused,” but he fails to offer any specific explanation how his absence
inhibited his ability to defend himself. Defendant also suggests that because he
remained in the courtroom with the rest of the jury panel, the “prospective jurors
were left with the impression that [defendant] was either too dangerous to
participate in the proceedings in chambers or not interested in doing so.” This
assertion is unsupported by the record and, in any event, irrelevant to the claim he
is making, which is that his exclusion from sidebar conferences made it impossible
for him to have assisted defense counsel regarding juror selection. We reject
defendant‟s claim.
B. Evidentiary Claims
1. Admission of three-way call evidence
Defendant contends that admission of evidence that he, his brother Ricardo,
and another gang member were on a three-way telephone call before Mindy‟s
murder violated a stipulation entered into by the parties to exclude reference to
that call. Alternately, he contends the evidence was either irrelevant or, if
relevant, more prejudicial than probative. We reject these claims.
a. Background
After defendant‟s brother Ricardo was arrested he was interrogated by
police. During the interrogation, he revealed that he, defendant, and Jorge Uribe
(also known as Pelon) had a three-way telephone conversation initiated by
defendant, who was then in custody on the kidnapping and assault charges
involving Mindy. Ricardo told police that in the course of that conversation,
defendant made statements implicating himself in the plan to murder Mindy.
25
Defendant brought a pretrial motion to sever his case from Ricardo‟s based
solely on his concern that introduction of Ricardo‟s statement to police would
violate defendant‟s confrontation rights because neither Ricardo nor Uribe would
be testifying at the joint trial.
This type of motion is commonly known as an Aranda/Bruton motion after
People v. Aranda (1965) 63 Cal.2d 518 and Bruton v. United States (1968) 391
U.S. 123. The Aranda/Bruton rule “declares that a nontestifying codefendant‟s
extrajudicial self-incriminating statement that inculpates the other defendant is
generally unreliable and hence inadmissible as violative of that defendant‟s right
of confrontation and cross-examination, even if a limiting instruction is given.”
(People v. Anderson (1987) 43 Cal.3d 1104, 1120.) As defendant acknowledged
in his motion, as an alternative to severance, Ricardo‟s statement to police would
be admissible against Ricardo if it was redacted to omit any portion that
incriminated defendant. For this proposition he cited Richardson v. Marsh (1987)
481 U.S. 200 (Richardson). In Richardson, the United States Supreme Court held
“the Confrontation Clause is not violated by the admission of a nontestifying
codefendant‟s confession with a proper limiting instruction when, as here, the
confession is redacted to eliminate not only the defendant‟s name, but any
reference to his or her existence.” (Id. at p. 211.)
At the hearing on defendant‟s motion, the prosecutor informed the court
that to avoid severance he intended to confer with defense counsel to reach an
agreement regarding Ricardo‟s statement. At the next pretrial conference, the
prosecutor read into the record the agreed-upon stipulation: “[O]ur agreement is
that any reference to [defendant], anything that he said, the fact that he was
involved in any conversations with Mr. Ricardo Lopez, the fact that there were
even three-way [telephone] conversations [between defendant, Ricardo and
Uribe], which would indicate that this was a missing third party there, those will
26
be deleted. Our agreement is, however, that any references to those conversations,
since they were three-party conversations, will only include reference to the fact
that this was a conversation between Ricardo Lopez and this person George [sic]
Uribe, also known as Pelon, during which the murder of Miss Carmody was
discussed, but there will not be any reference to the fact that this was a three-way
conversation or that [defendant] was involved. [¶] I believe we‟ve looked this
over. We‟ve looked together. We‟re aware of what the prevailing case law is in
this area, and we believe that this is in conformance with Richardson v. Marsh.”12
Defense counsel added: “So stipulated, with the further proviso, so I understand
that [the prosecutor] will instruct his investigating officers, if they testify to any
portion of Ricardo Lopez‟s statement, that they will not inadvertently, or
otherwise, refer to those passages that have been redacted.” The prosecutor agreed
to this condition and the court accepted the stipulation.
In the prosecutor‟s opening statement, he told the jury that he would be
calling Patty Lopez, defendant‟s sister, to testify that in the days before Mindy‟s
killing Patty arranged a three-way call among defendant, Ricardo and Uribe.
Defense counsel objected, arguing that evidence that Patty set up a three-way call
violated the stipulation. According to counsel, “The agreement was not only that
the content of the conversation not be admissible, not be presented to the jury, but
the very fact of a three-way conversation likewise [be] totally off limits.” He
requested a mistrial.
12
Although the stipulation refers to three-way conversations in the plural, the
only conversation at issue here is the one to which Ricardo referred in his
statement to the police during which he, defendant, and Uribe discussed killing
Mindy.
27
The prosecutor maintained that the stipulation related solely to Ricardo‟s
statement to the police and did not preclude other, independent testimony about
the existence of the three-way call. He stated that he had disclosed to defense
counsel that he intended to call Patty Lopez. The court found, however, that the
prosecutor‟s opening statement “appeared to be violative of the spirit, if not the
absolute language of the stipulation,” and took the mistrial motion under
submission.
The next day, there was further discussion of the matter. The prosecutor
insisted that the stipulation applied only to Ricardo‟s statement and that its sole
purpose was to comply with Richardson, supra, 481 U.S. 200, and avoid
severance.
The following day, the court reviewed the stipulation on the record and
agreed with the defense that it precluded “mention of a three-way conversation.”
Again, however, the prosecutor argued that the stipulation covered only Ricardo‟s
statement, adding “I would no way enter into any agreement limiting my ability to
present other evidence in this case. And I did not do that, and it was never my
intention to do that.” The prosecutor pointed out that Patty Lopez‟s testimony
about setting up the three-way call impeached defendant‟s statement to police that
he had not spoken to his brother in the days before the shooting. He observed
further that, unlike Ricardo, who did not plan to testify, Patty Lopez would testify
and could be cross-examined, as could other witnesses who would be testifying
regarding the phone records and what they showed.
At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court denied the mistrial motion.
In the court‟s view there was “not a meeting of minds” with regard to the
stipulation and it considered any agreement to be “limited as set forth by [the
prosecutor].” Defendant‟s counsel argued that if the content of the three-way
conversation was inadmissible under the stipulation, the existence of any such call
28
would be irrelevant or lead to impermissible speculation about the content. The
court disagreed, observing that the existence of the call itself had some relevance.
Defendant renewed his objection prior to Patty Lopez‟s testimony, making
the further argument that, even if relevant, the testimony would be more
prejudicial than probative. The trial court again remarked that the stipulation was
not clear and overruled the objection.
When questioned about the call, Patty Lopez initially claimed a loss of
memory, even when confronted with her statement to police admitting that she set
up three-way calls before and after the shooting. Ultimately, she admitted she had
told police she had set up a three-way call among defendant, Ricardo, and Uribe
the week before the shooting. The prosecution later called Detective Michael
Oppelt, who interviewed defendant after the shooting. Oppelt explained that
defendant told him the last time he had spoken to Ricardo was when defendant
was initially arrested on the kidnapping and assault charges several weeks before
the shooting. According to the detective, defendant also said he had not spoken to
Uribe after he was arrested.
b. Discussion
Defendant contends that the admission of Patty Lopez‟s testimony violated
the stipulation regarding the redaction of Ricardo‟s statement to police.
As noted, the prosecutor argued — and the trial court ultimately agreed —
that the stipulation was intended solely to avoid severance of defendant‟s trial
from Ricardo‟s trial by redacting Ricardo‟s statement to eliminate any reference to
defendant pursuant to Richardson, supra, 481 U.S. 200. Defendant contends that
the stipulation could be given effect only by interpreting it to exclude all
references to the three-way phone conversation, including Patty Lopez‟s
29
testimony, and that the trial court erred by interpreting the stipulation to permit her
testimony.
The trial court initially agreed that the stipulation was at first blush broad
enough to lend some support to defendant‟s interpretation of it. After hearing the
prosecutor‟s explanation, which evidently the court credited, the court concluded
there had been no meeting of the minds between the parties. It then construed the
stipulation to limit it to Ricardo‟s statement to the police. We conclude that the
stipulation itself was broadly worded in parts and that the trial court‟s ultimate
interpretation of it was reasonable in light of the circumstances that led the parties
to agree to the stipulation and defense counsel‟s further proviso. The record
reveals that those concerns dealt exclusively with the admissibility of Ricardo‟s
statement to police in such a way that would not require severance. To achieve
this goal, Richardson required the redaction of Ricardo‟s statement but not the
preclusion of Patricia Lopez‟s testimony. The trial court‟s interpretation of the
stipulation gave the parties what they had bargained for.
In the analogous case of People v. Dyer (1988) 45 Cal.3d 26, 54 (Dyer), the
defendant made a motion under People v. Beagle (1972) 6 Cal.3d 441, 451-454, to
exclude his three prior felony convictions for impeachment purposes should he
testify in his defense. The prosecutor orally agreed that he would not impeach
defendant with those prior convictions. Defense counsel asked whether the
prosecutor also intended to refrain from asking character witnesses about the
defendant‟s prior convictions. The prosecutor replied, “ „It would apply to that,‟ ”
and explained he would ask his witnesses not to volunteer any information about
the defendant‟s prior convictions. (Dyer, supra, at p. 55.) He stated further, “ „we
assent to [the defendant‟s] request not to bring out in any way before this jury in
this [guilt] phase of the trial any evidence of any nature concerning any prior
convictions suffered by the defendant in this phase of the trial.‟ ” (Ibid.)
30
Later, defense counsel asked a defense witness about the defendant‟s
reputation. The trial court interrupted the witness‟s testimony to confer with
counsel regarding the extent of the prosecutor‟s stipulation. The question on
which the court sought clarification was whether the prosecutor had intended by
the stipulation to refrain from asking a witness who testified to the defendant‟s
reputation for nonviolence about the prior convictions. Defense counsel argued
that the stipulation barred the prosecutor from asking about the prior convictions
with respect to any character evidence. The prosecutor rejected that interpretation,
arguing it was never his intention to allow the defendant to present unchallenged
reputation evidence “ „because then it would be basically asking me if I would let
the jury hear false information about the defendant. . . . So it was never clearly
stated to me [by the defense] that there was an attempt to get me to be silent when
the jury gets this false notion that this defendant has been nonviolent in his past.
And I would not have acceded to those things, and I don‟t think the Court would
require me to do that.‟ ” (Dyer, supra, 45 Cal.3d at p. 55.)
The trial court agreed. It found that there had been no “ „meeting of the
minds‟ ” regarding the stipulation. (Dyer, supra, 45 Cal.3d at p. 56.) It concluded
further that the prosecutor‟s interpretation in the context in which the stipulation
arose — the defendant‟s Beagle motion — was correct; that the prosecutor had
intended to agree only that he would not raise the issue of the defendant‟s prior
convictions through his own witnesses. “The court observed that there was no
reason for the prosecutor intentionally to forgo his right to impeach defendant‟s
character witnesses, and defense counsel never indicated that he meant to obtain
from the prosecutor a waiver of his right to impeach any witness on defendant‟s
veracity or his lack of violent propensities.” (Ibid.)
We found the trial court‟s ruling to be proper. We observed that a party
may seek relief from the burdensome effect of a stipulation “ „by enforcement of
31
the stipulation in a reasonable and nonburdensome way.‟ [Citation.] The court
followed that procedure here; it did not purport to release the prosecutor from his
stipulation, but merely interpreted it to reflect the probable intention of the
parties.” (Dyer, supra, 45 Cal.3d at p. 57.) We noted that the “court could have
simply released the prosecutor from the stipulation,” but, instead, “in effect found
here that the stipulation, as interpreted by defense counsel, should not be binding.”
(Ibid.)
Although factually distinguishable, Dyer provides some guidance in the
present case. As in Dyer, the trial court in the present case found there was no
meeting of the minds regarding the meaning and scope of the stipulation at issue.
The defense argued the purpose of the stipulation was to prohibit any evidence of
the existence of the three-way call. The prosecutor argued the sole purpose of the
stipulation was to comply with Richardson and to permit the admission of
Ricardo‟s confession and avoid severance. The trial court concluded the
prosecutor‟s interpretation was the more reasonable one. We agree.
Defendant‟s severance motion specifically referred to redaction under
Richardson as an alternative to severance. The prosecutor‟s initial comments to
the court indicated that he hoped to reach agreement with the defense to redact
Ricardo‟s confession to avoid the need for severance. Additionally, when the
stipulation was entered into the record the prosecutor stated that it was “in
conformance with Richardson v. Marsh.” These circumstances support the trial
court‟s conclusion that the prosecutor did not intend by the stipulation to preclude
evidence about the existence of the three-way call other than by Ricardo‟s
statement to the police.
The trial court‟s ruling is consistent with Richardson itself. Under
Richardson, a defendant‟s confrontation clause rights are protected at a joint trial
by the redaction of any reference to the defendant in his or her codefendant‟s
32
confession even if the redacted confession incriminates the defendant when linked
to other evidence introduced at trial. (People v. Mitcham (1992) 1 Cal.4th 1027,
1046-1047.) In accordance with this principle, compliance with Richardson did
not require the exclusion of Patty Lopez‟s testimony even if that testimony, when
linked to Ricardo‟s redacted confession, might incriminate defendant.
Defendant next contends that any ambiguity in the stipulation should be
construed in his favor. He provides no decisional support for such a rule. As the
stipulation was construed by the court, defendant received what he was entitled to
receive under Richardson — the redaction of Ricardo‟s statement to eliminate any
reference to him. As noted, Richardson does not require the exclusion of other
evidence that, when linked with the redacted statement, might incriminate
defendant. That evidence, moreover, had relevance beyond any possibly
incriminatory effect when linked to Ricardo‟s redacted statement in that it
impeached defendant‟s statement to police that he did not speak to Ricardo or
Uribe in the days leading up to Mindy‟s killing.
We also reject defendant‟s argument that any ambiguity should be
construed in his favor because the prosecutor caused the uncertainty. The record
reveals that the stipulation was the fruit of negotiations between both parties.
Defense counsel had an opportunity to speak up before accepting the stipulation
and did, in fact, add to it his understanding that the prosecutor would instruct his
police witnesses to refrain from referring to any portion of Ricardo‟s interview
that had been redacted. We see no reason to hold any ambiguity against the
prosecution. Nor are we persuaded by defendant‟s claim that he relied on the
stipulation when he withdrew his severance motion because he believed it
protected defendant‟s confrontation clause rights. In line with the requirements of
Richardson, the stipulation did protect his rights, even as ultimately construed by
the trial court.
33
Defendant next argues that the evidence was either irrelevant or, if relevant,
that its probative value was outweighed by its prejudicial effect. (Evid. Code,
§ 352.) “ „Except as otherwise provided by statute, all relevant evidence is
admissible.‟ [Citations.] „Evidence is relevant if it tends “ „logically, naturally,
and by reasonable inference‟ to establish material facts . . . .” ‟ ” (People v. Clark,
supra, 52 Cal.4th at p. 892.) “[T]he trial court has broad discretion to determine
the relevance of evidence. [Citation.]” (People v. Cash (2002) 28 Cal.4th 703,
727.) Applying this standard, we conclude that Patty Lopez‟s testimony was
clearly relevant both as tending to show defendant‟s participation in the planning
of Mindy‟s killing and to impeach defendant‟s statement to police that he had not
spoken to either Ricardo or Uribe after his initial arrest for the kidnapping and
assault.
Nor, contrary to defendant‟s claim, did the trial court abuse its discretion
when it denied his motion to exclude the testimony as more prejudicial than
probative under Evidence Code section 352. Under this section, the court may
exclude even relevant evidence if “its probative value is substantially outweighed
by the probability that its admission will . . . create substantial danger of undue
prejudice, of confusing the issues, or of misleading the jury.” (Evid. Code, § 352.)
We review the trial court‟s rulings under this section for abuse of discretion.
(People v. Waidla (2000) 22 Cal.4th 690, 724.) “The prejudice which exclusion of
evidence under Evidence Code section 352 is designed to avoid is not the
prejudice or damage to a defense that naturally flows from relevant, highly
probative evidence.‟ . . . „The “prejudice” referred to in Evidence Code section
352 applies to evidence which uniquely tends to evoke an emotional bias against
the defendant as an individual and which has very little effect on the issues. In
applying section 352, “prejudicial” is not synonymous with “damaging.” ‟
[Citation.]” (People v. Karis (1988) 46 Cal.3d 612, 638.) The evidence that
34
defendant participated in the three-way call with his brother and Uribe was
undoubtedly damaging to him. But it was not prejudicial under Evidence Code
section 352, as articulated above.
Defendant‟s arguments to the contrary are not persuasive. Defendant
asserts that Patty Lopez‟s testimony was only minimally probative because
defendant‟s denial that he had spoken to Ricardo or Uribe did not show a
consciousness of guilt about anything related to the crime. Patty Lopez testified
that defendant spoke to the two men responsible for Mindy‟s murder in the days
before the shooting. Given this evidence, defendant‟s denial that he had spoken to
Uribe or Ricardo in that time frame raised a strong inference of consciousness of
guilt. Defendant asserts furthermore that the testimony was prejudicial because
the jury could have inferred that defendant‟s conversation with Ricardo and Uribe
was in furtherance of the plan to kill. Indeed, that was one of the purposes for
which the evidence was introduced. Although the evidence arguably “prejudiced”
defendant in the same way that all evidence linking him to the crime was
“prejudicial,” it did not prejudice him within the meaning of Evidence Code
section 352. (People v. Karis, supra, 46 Cal.3d at p. 638.)
Defendant also argues that Patty Lopez‟s testimony was cumulative to other
evidence that he called and spoke to a number of people while in custody. But her
testimony was the only direct evidence that defendant spoke to Ricardo and Uribe
in the days before the murder. The only other evidence was the Lopez family‟s
phone records and records of defendant‟s location while in custody. These records
established that defendant called his family‟s residence from custody but did not
establish to whom he spoke. Patty Lopez‟s testimony was not cumulative of other
evidence. Moreover, to the extent her testimony was cumulative, it weakens
defendant‟s claim that it was prejudicial within the meaning of Evidence Code
section 352. The inferences to be drawn from Patty Lopez‟s testimony that he
35
finds objectionable — that he planned the killing with Ricardo and Uribe — could
also have been drawn from the documentary evidence cited above.
The court did not abuse its discretion when it admitted Patty Lopez‟s
testimony.
2. Ramon Ramos’s preliminary hearing testimony
Defendant contends the trial court erred when it admitted evidence against
him of codefendant Ricardo‟s state of mind on the night of the murder. We agree
with defendant but conclude that the error was harmless.
Ricardo presented the preliminary hearing testimony of Ramon Ramos in
his defense after Ramos refused to testify at the trial and the trial court declared
him unavailable. (Evid. Code, § 240.)13 Ricardo‟s counsel requested that only
certain portions of Ramos‟s prior testimony be read into evidence, including his
statements that he and Ricardo were drinking on the night of the murder, that
Ricardo and Mindy spoke to each other in loud voices, and that after Ricardo shot
Mindy he put the gun to his own head. The prosecutor requested that other
portions of Ramos‟s testimony also be read, specifically his statement that when
Ricardo pointed the gun to his head, he said, “It‟s for my carnal,” which meant,
“It‟s for my brother.” Defendant‟s counsel objected that the statement was
inadmissible hearsay and improper rebuttal. The prosecutor countered that the
statement “was consistent with other testimony we received from the other
witnesses, and that one of the witnesses testified that she heard the word „brother‟
13
Under Evidence Code section 240, subdivision (a)(6), a witness is
unavailable if he or she is “[p]ersistent in refusing to testify concerning the subject
matter of the declarant‟s statement despite having been found in contempt for
refusal to testify.” Ramos refused to testify despite being advised by the court that
he had no right to do so. This would appear to have been the basis of the finding
of unavailability even though the court declined to sanction Ramos.
36
when [Ricardo] was doing it.” The court overruled the defense objection,
concluding that the phrase did not refer to any conversation between Ricardo and
defendant, but only to Ricardo‟s state of mind at the time of the shooting. After
Ramos‟s testimony on this point was admitted, defendant‟s counsel renewed his
objection and added an objection that the testimony “calls for a conclusion.” The
court overruled the objection.
The parties agree that the trial court admitted the statement for the
nonhearsay purpose of showing Ricardo‟s state of mind at the time of the
shooting. (Evid. Code, §§ 1250, 1251.)14 They disagree, however, as to whether
the state of mind evidence was relevant. (People v. Bunyard (1988) 45 Cal.3d
1189, 1204 [“[A]n out-of-court statement is not made admissible simply because
its proponent states a theory of admissibility not related to the truth of the matter
asserted. . . . „The trial court must also find that the nonhearsay purpose is
relevant to an issue in dispute.‟ ”].) Defendant maintains that Ricardo‟s state of
mind was irrelevant to any issue involving him. He contends further that the
evidence was improper rebuttal because he had not placed Ricardo‟s state of mind
at issue. The Attorney General argues that Ricardo‟s state of mind was relevant in
that Ramos‟s prior testimony suggested that Ricardo‟s act of shooting Mindy was
unplanned and unpremeditated.
14
As relevant here, Evidence Code section 1251 states: “Subject to Section
1252, evidence of a statement of the declarant‟s state of mind . . . at a time prior to
the statement is not made inadmissible . . . if: [¶] (a) The declarant is unavailable
as a witness; and [¶] (b) The evidence is offered to prove such prior state of
mind, . . . and the evidence is not offered to prove any fact other than such state of
mind . . . .” Evidence Code section 1252 states: “Evidence of a statement is
inadmissible under this article if the statement was made under circumstances such
as to indicate its lack of trustworthiness.”
37
There are two problems with the Attorney General‟s theory. The first is
that the statement “It‟s for my carnal,” is as consistent with an impulsive action as
a planned one. The second problem is that such evidence would tend to show
premeditation only if it were admitted for its truth — that Ricardo shot Mindy on
behalf of, or at the behest of, his brother. We agree with defendant that the
evidence was improper rebuttal because he had not placed Ricardo‟s state of mind
at issue and to the extent the evidence was used against defendant, it was admitted
in error.
We disagree, however, with defendant‟s further assertion that the error was
prejudicial. This testimony was fleeting and — as we discuss more fully below
(pt. II.C., post) in addressing defendant‟s sufficiency of the evidence claim —
there was more than sufficient evidence that Ricardo committed the murder at
defendant‟s behest. Indeed, as the Attorney General points out, the prosecution
had presented testimony in its case-in-chief that when Ricardo was shooting
Mindy he said something to her about his brother. On this record, we conclude
that the error was harmless. (People v. Jablonski (2006) 37 Cal.4th 774, 820-821
[in light of overwhelming evidence of the defendant‟s guilt, the erroneous
admission under Evidence Code section 1250 of the victim‟s statement that she
feared the defendant was harmless under either state or federal standards of
assessing prejudice].)
3. The 187 evidence
Over defendant‟s objection, the trial court admitted the testimony of two
witnesses who indicated that they saw the number 187 — inferentially a reference
to section 187, the murder statute — on the victim‟s pager after she was shot. A
paramedic saw the number 187 on the pager as he transported Mindy to the
hospital. The hospital chaplain also saw a series of 187‟s and a phone number
38
later identified as belonging to Mindy‟s mother. The pager indicated the message
had been received at 8:42 p.m. The precise time of the shooting was not
established, but a witness testified that it was about 9:00 p.m. when she found
Mindy lying in the street, still alive. When defendant spoke to police two weeks
after the shooting, he spontaneously said that Mindy told him that she had been
receiving the number 187 on her pager. He assured her the message was not from
anyone in his family.
Defendant contends that the 187 evidence was irrelevant and speculative or,
even if relevant, its probative value was outweighed by its prejudicial effect.
We find no abuse of discretion. Evidence that a shorthand reference to the
Penal Code‟s murder statute appeared on the victim‟s pager near the time she was
shot tended to support the prosecution‟s theory that the shooting was premeditated
and not the result of Ricardo‟s impulsive action. Defendant asserts that the
evidence was speculative because the identity of the person who sent the message
was not established. Although no direct evidence proved the sender‟s identity, the
existence and timing of the message tended to raise the reasonable inference that
the page was sent by defendant or at his request. Notably, during defendant‟s
custodial interrogation, he spontaneously volunteered that Mindy had told him the
number 187 had appeared on her pager. The jury reasonably could have
disbelieved defendant‟s claim that he had learned of this from the victim herself,
particularly because there was no evidence that he had spoken with Mindy in the
days before her murder. Rather, the jury could have concluded that defendant
offered this explanation to police preemptively before the police could confront
him with the evidence that the number had been observed on her pager after she
was shot. The appearance of the number 187 on the victim‟s pager when coupled
with defendant‟s spontaneous attempt to deflect any responsibility for it was
indisputably relevant to the issue of defendant‟s involvement in the shooting. Nor
39
was the probative value of the evidence outweighed by its prejudicial effect under
Evidence Code section 352. It was simply not the kind of evidence that
“ „ “ „uniquely tends to evoke an emotional bias against the defendant as an
individual and which has very little effect on the issues.‟ ” ‟ ” (People v. Doolin
(2009) 45 Cal.4th 390, 439.) Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its
discretion in admitting the pager evidence.
4. Limitations on cross-examination of Susan Carmody
Defendant contends the trial court erroneously sustained prosecution
objections to three questions that his counsel asked during cross-examination of
the victim‟s mother, Susan Carmody. Specifically he asserts that the trial court
erred when it prevented counsel from asking (1) how many times Mindy had run
away from home before she moved in with defendant‟s family, (2) whether Mindy
returned home of her own volition or because she was frightened, and (3) whether
Carmody had once said that Mindy dressed “like a [W]hite girl” when she and
Carmody were together but “like a chola” when they were not. (Defendant
explains that “chola” is a slang word for a Latina gang member.)
The trial court did not abuse its considerable discretion in sustaining the
prosecutor‟s objections to these questions. Carmody testified that Mindy had run
away from home before she moved in with defendant‟s family and that at the time
Mindy moved in with defendant, she was 14 or 15 years old. Carmody testified
further that she did not demand that Mindy return home because she felt Mindy
was safe and being cared for at the home of defendant‟s family.
Defendant contends that evidence regarding the number of times Mindy ran
away from home was necessary because otherwise he might have been perceived
as the person responsible for, or as having contributed to, the victim‟s problems
with her mother. This is not persuasive. Testimony by a mother that her 14- or
40
15-year-old daughter had run away from home more than once before she moved
in with her boyfriend‟s family was plainly indicative of a troubled family dynamic
that predated defendant‟s relationship with Mindy. Indeed, Carmody‟s further
testimony that she allowed her daughter to remain with defendant‟s family
because Mindy was safe and being cared for would have put defendant and his
family in a positive light. The exclusion of testimony regarding the number of
times Mindy had run away from home was not an abuse of discretion.
Nor did the court abuse its discretion when it sustained the prosecution‟s
objection to defense counsel‟s question whether the police had frightened Mindy
into returning home from defendant‟s house. Carmody had already testified it was
possible Mindy returned home because “some police officers scared her into doing
so.” She testified further that Mindy maintained her relationship with defendant
even after she returned home. Defendant asserts the court should have allowed
him further examination of Carmody concerning the circumstances under which
Mindy returned home to dispel any implication that Mindy did so because she had
rejected defendant. But the jury was aware that Mindy continued her relationship
with defendant after she returned home and that her return home may have been
the result of police intervention. The court did not err in declining to allow further
questioning on this minor and peripheral point.
Finally, defendant asserts the trial court erred in prohibiting him from
questioning Carmody regarding her reputed statement concerning Mindy‟s manner
of dressing because it was relevant to explore Carmody‟s state of mind and her
bias in this case as a result of her daughter‟s relationship with defendant. Defense
counsel had already elicited testimony from Carmody that she was upset about
Mindy‟s relationship with defendant and that she had chosen to live with him.
Moreover, Carmody‟s bias would have been unmistakable to the jury, given that
defendant stood accused of arranging Mindy‟s killing. The trial court did not
41
abuse its discretion in prohibiting a question the main point of which appeared to
be to attempt to establish that Carmody was generally prejudiced against Latinos.
5. Evidence of the victim’s demeanor at the kidnapping preliminary
hearing
After the victim‟s preliminary hearing testimony was read into the record,
the prosecutor questioned one of the detectives who had been present when Mindy
testified, regarding Mindy‟s demeanor. Defendant objected that the testimony was
irrelevant and speculative. The objection was overruled. The detective testified
briefly that Mindy was “frightened, upset and sometimes crying,” and, at one
point, was given tissues by the trial judge, who asked her, “ „Would you like to go
on?‟ ”
Defendant renews his claim that testimony regarding the victim‟s demeanor
at the preliminary hearing was irrelevant and may have led the jury to speculate
that she was frightened to be giving testimony against defendant. The Attorney
General asserts the evidence was relevant to the jury‟s assessment of Mindy‟s
demeanor for purposes of judging her credibility at the prior hearing. (Evid. Code,
§ 780.) Defendant responds that such assessment must be made
contemporaneously with the witness‟s testimony and not by secondhand evidence
in the witness‟s absence.
Evidence Code section 780 provides in pertinent part: “Except as
otherwise provided by statute, the court or jury may consider in determining the
credibility of a witness any matter that has any tendency in reason to prove or
disprove the truthfulness of his testimony at the hearing, including but not limited
to any of the following: [¶] (a) His demeanor while testifying and the manner in
which he testifies.” “[A] witness‟s „demeanor is always relevant to credibility.‟
[Citations.]” (People v. Scott (2011) 52 Cal.4th 452, 493.) The Attorney General
argues that Evidence Code section 780 does not limit demeanor evidence to the
42
jury‟s firsthand observations of the witness as he or she is testifying before the
jury but, when the witness is unavailable, such evidence may be supplied by other
witnesses. Defendant contends that permitting secondhand testimony regarding
demeanor may violate the confrontation clause because the defendant is unable to
effectively challenge such evidence.
We need not decide whether admission of this testimony was error because
any error would have been harmless under any standard of prejudice. The
testimony was brief and the prosecutor did not emphasize the officer‟s
observations in his closing argument. Furthermore, the jury reasonably could have
found from Mindy‟s preliminary hearing testimony that she was frightened by
defendant. Mindy testified, for example, that she refused to allow defendant to
come to her house because “I‟m scared of him,” and that she was frightened when
defendant pushed her into his car. We conclude any error in permitting the officer
to testify regarding Mind‟s demeanor at the preliminary hearing was harmless.
6. Evidence of Mindy’s diary entry and her statements to one of her
teachers
During the defense case, defendant‟s mother, aunt and uncle testified that,
on the day Mindy was allegedly kidnapped and assaulted, she appeared to them to
have been uninjured and unafraid and that she was with defendant of her own
volition. In rebuttal, and over defendant‟s objection, the prosecution introduced a
passage from Mindy‟s diary and a statement she made to one of her teachers that
were consistent with her testimony at the preliminary hearing that defendant had
assaulted and kidnapped her. The diary entry read: “[Defendant] broke in and
stabbed me and choked me and kidnapped me. Went to Police station, went to
Grandma‟s.” Mindy‟s teacher testified that Mindy told him defendant had broken
into her house, threatened her, held a knife to her neck and taken her to his aunt‟s
house.
43
On appeal, defendant argues the rebuttal evidence was improperly admitted
because it did not constitute a prior consistent statement and it violated his
confrontation and due process rights and his right to a reliable capital trial. His
argument is meritless.
Defendant‟s confrontation clause claim is not preserved on appeal because
he did not object to the admission of the rebuttal evidence on that ground. (People
v. Riccardi (2012) 54 Cal.4th 758, 801 & fn. 21 (Riccardi).) His claim, based on
Crawford v. Washington (2004) 541 U.S. 36, also is without merit. In Crawford,
the United States Supreme Court held that “ „[t]estimonial statements of witnesses
absent from trial [can be] admitted only where the declarant is unavailable, and
only where the defendant has had a prior opportunity to cross-examine.‟ ”
(Williams v. Illinois (2012) ___ U.S ___ [132 S.Ct. 2221, 2232].) But neither the
diary entry nor Mindy‟s statement can be deemed testimonial within the meaning
of Crawford. Under the circumstances of this case, Mindy‟s recording of the
day‟s events in her private diary and her disclosure of the incident to a trusted
teacher, like other “informal statement[s] to a person not affiliated with law
enforcement,” fall outside the scope of the confrontation clause, which is
concerned with “formal and solemn accusatory statements . . . in the context of
criminal investigations or inquiries.” (People v. Cage (2007) 40 Cal.4th 965, 987,
italics omitted; see id. at pp. 986-991 [assault victim‟s statement to a hospital
physician identifying the defendant as his assailant was nontestimonial].)
Defendant‟s Crawford claim fails.
We turn now to whether this evidence was properly admitted, over
defendant‟s objection, under the exception to the rule against admitting hearsay to
prove prior consistent statements.
“To be admissible as an exception to the hearsay rule, a prior consistent
statement must be offered (1) after an inconsistent statement is admitted to attack
44
the testifying witness‟s credibility, where the consistent statement was made
before the inconsistent statement or (2) where there is an express or implied
charge that the witness‟s testimony recently was fabricated or influenced by bias
or improper motive, and the statement was made prior to the fabrication, bias, or
improper motive. (Evid. Code, §§ 791, 1236.)” (Riccardi, supra, 54 Cal.4th at
p. 802.) Here, as in Riccardi, we “are presented with the latter situation — an
express or implied charge that [Mindy‟s] testimony recently had been fabricated or
influenced by bias or improper motive — governed by subdivision (b) of Evidence
Code section 791.” (Ibid.)
Defendant contends this second exception is inapplicable for two reasons.
First, he argues there was no suggestion in the testimony of his witnesses that
Mindy had fabricated her preliminary hearing testimony, thus opening the door to
rehabilitating her testimony with the admission of her diary entry and the
statement to her teacher. We are not persuaded. The statute itself speaks of an
“express or implied charge” of fabrication. (Evid. Code, § 791, subd. (b), italics
added.) “ „[R]ecent fabrication may be inferred when it is shown that a witness
did not speak about an important matter at a time when it would have been natural
for him to do so,‟ and in such a circumstance, „it is generally proper to permit
rehabilitation by a prior consistent statement.‟ [Citations.]” (Riccardi, supra, 54
Cal.4th at p. 803; see also People v. Manson (1976) 61 Cal.App.3d 102, 143.) In
this case, defendant‟s mother and aunt were specifically asked whether Mindy told
them she was being held against her will. Both said no. Additionally, defendant‟s
aunt testified that Mindy did not complain of any injuries. Plainly, the purpose of
this testimony was to imply that Mindy‟s preliminary hearing testimony was of
recent fabrication.
Second, defendant argues that Mindy‟s diary entry and statement to the
teacher do not qualify as prior consistent statements because they were made after
45
defendant‟s relatives had observed and spoken to her and after she had spoken to
the police and accused defendant. Defendant argues “[a]t that point, she had
already spoke[n] to [defendant‟s] relatives and any motive to fabricate the
evidence was already present. Accordingly, Melinda‟s statements were
inadmissible hearsay because they were not made before any other inconsistent
statements or before she had a motive to fabricate [defendant‟s] guilt.” We
disagree.
As noted, Mindy‟s statements fall under subdivision (b) of Evidence Code
section 791 (section 791(b).) Pursuant to section 791(b), a prior consistent
statement is admissible to corroborate later testimony which is impliedly or
expressly alleged to have been fabricated if the prior consistent statement was
made before the motive for fabrication arose. The specific timing question in this
case, then, is whether Mindy‟s diary entry and her statement to her teacher were
made before any motive to fabricate arose. But defendant does not identify the
moment at which a motive to fabricate arose before Mindy‟s diary entry or her
statement to the teacher. Rather, although he casts his argument as a timing claim,
what he is actually asserting is that Mindy‟s silence could not provide the
predicate for the admission of these statements to support her preliminary
testimony because what was at issue was not her silence, “but her positive
interactions with [defendant‟s] family and their observations about her physical
and mental state.” In other words, he is simply repeating his earlier claim that the
testimony of his witnesses about their interactions with, and observations of,
Mindy on the day of the kidnapping did not imply that her failure to tell them
about the kidnapping was inconsistent with her later preliminary hearing
testimony.
As we have already explained, Mindy‟s silence was at issue. The premise
of the defense was that if, as Mindy testified at the preliminary hearing, she had
46
been assaulted and kidnapped by defendant, she would have said something to his
mother, aunt, and uncle. From the evidence she said nothing to them, the jury was
invited to infer that her preliminary hearing testimony was fabricated. The use of
her silence by the defense for this purpose opened the door to admission of prior
statements consistent with her preliminary hearing.
It has long been recognized that when, as in this case, a witness‟s silence is
presented as inconsistent with his or her later testimony, a statement made at the
earliest opportunity after the silence that is consistent with the witness‟s later
testimony may be admissible as a prior consistent statement under section 791(b).
(People v. Gentry (1969) 270 Cal.App.2d 462, 474 (Gentry).)
In Gentry, the defendant presented evidence at trial that when the witness,
Turner, was first questioned by police he failed to provide them with the damaging
information about the defendant‟s involvement in the crime to which he later
testified at trial. To rebut the implication that Turner‟s trial testimony was
fabricated, the prosecution was allowed to introduce evidence of a second
statement Turner made to the police the following day in which he did include the
information to which he testified at trial. The Court of Appeal held the trial court
properly admitted the second statement. As the court observed, at the time of
Turner‟s initial interrogation by the police on the night of the crime he was
“groggy and half asleep,” having gone to sleep drunk. (Gentry, supra, 270
Cal.App.2d at p. 474.) But, “he made a full statement to the sheriff‟s officers of
what he knew relevant to the case at the earliest opportunity after he had recovered
his senses. The explanation was corroborated by one of the officers to whom the
statement had been made and by the statement reporter who recorded the
statement.” (Ibid.)
Gentry‟s conclusion that Turner‟s later statement to the police was
admissible as a prior consistent statement focuses on two factors; that at the time
47
of his initial silence he suffered from an incapacity that prevented him from
speaking and that he made the prior consistent statement at the “earliest
opportunity” after the incapacity was removed. (Gentry, supra, 270 Cal.App.2d at
p. 747.) In this case, Mindy‟s failure to report defendant‟s assault on her to his
relatives can easily be explained by a concern for her safety; namely, she may not
have been inclined to alert defendant‟s relatives to the kidnapping and assault for
fear of repercussions from defendant. Once she was no longer incapacitated by
fear of defendant, she recorded the incident in her diary and told her teacher about
it two days later. This time frame falls within Gentry‟s “earliest opportunity”
limitation. (Ibid.)15
Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court properly admitted Mindy‟s
diary entry and her statement to her teacher as prior consistent statements.
C. Sufficiency of the Evidence Supporting Defendant’s Conviction of
First Degree Murder
The prosecution‟s theory of defendant‟s liability was that he orchestrated
Mindy‟s murder while in custody on the assault and kidnapping case in retaliation
for her preliminary hearing testimony in that case and to prevent her from
testifying against him at the trial of those charges. Because defendant was not the
15
Although Mindy was interviewed by the police before she made the diary
entry, there was no evidence of what she told the police. The officer who spoke to
her did testify that she was upset and nervous and that she wept while he was at
her residence. She was then taken to the police station where her injuries were
photographed. From the officer‟s testimony, one can surmise that Mindy was still
traumatized when she spoke to the police, that is, still to some degree
incapacitated by the events. Accordingly, we would not deem inadmissible her
diary entry on the ground that her “earliest opportunity” to speak would have been
when police interviewed her. (People v. Gentry, supra, 270 Cal.App.2d at p. 474.)
Rather, the officer‟s description of her emotional state and the photographs of her
physical injuries corroborate her diary entry in the same way that the officer‟s
testimony in Gentry corroborated Turner‟s statement. (Ibid.)
48
shooter, the prosecution theorized that he was guilty of murder as an aider and
abettor or a coconspirator and the jury was so instructed. Defendant contends
there is insufficient evidence to support his conviction of first degree murder as an
aider and abettor. We conclude that the evidence sufficed.
As we have explained, “[w]hen a defendant challenges the sufficiency of
the evidence,„ “[t]he court must review the whole record in the light most
favorable to the judgment below to determine whether it discloses substantial
evidence — that is, evidence which is reasonable, credible, and of solid value —
such that a reasonable trier of fact could find the defendant guilty beyond a
reasonable doubt.” [Citation.]‟ [Citations.] . . . „Substantial evidence includes
circumstantial evidence and any reasonable inferences drawn from that evidence.
[Citation.]‟ [Citation.] We „ “ „presume in support of the judgment the existence
of every fact the trier could reasonably deduce from the evidence.‟ ” [Citation.]‟
[Citation.]” (People v. Clark, supra, 52 Cal.4th at pp. 942-943.)
“The elements of a charge of murder are an unlawful killing with malice
aforethought.” (People v. Catlin (2001) 26 Cal.4th 81, 139.) Murder perpetuated
by any kind of willful, deliberate and premeditated killing with express malice
aforethought, or that is immediately preceded by lying in wait is murder in the first
degree. (§ 189.) Here, the jury was instructed with both these theories of first
degree murder. Defendant does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence to
prove first degree murder. His concern is with his liability for that offense.
A person may be liable for a criminal act as an aider and abettor. Section
31 defines “principals” in a crime to include persons who “aid and abet in its
commission, or, . . . have advised and encouraged its commission.” (§ 31.) This
court has interpreted section 31 to require that an aider and abettor must act with
“knowledge of the direct perpetrator‟s unlawful intent and an intent to assist in
achieving those unlawful ends, and . . . conduct by the aider and abettor that in fact
49
assists the achievement of the crime. [Citation.]” (People v. Perez (2005) 35
Cal.4th 1219, 1225.)
Defendant contends there was insufficient evidence that he was a principal
under section 31 because there was no direct evidence that he instigated the
murder or encouraged or advised its commission. His contention fails.
Preliminarily, the substantial evidence rule does not require that the evidence
supporting defendant‟s conviction be direct evidence. For purposes of the rule,
substantial evidence encompasses circumstantial evidence and any reasonable
inferences to be drawn from such evidence. (People v. Clark, supra, 52 Cal.4th at
p. 943.)
There is no question that the evidence shows defendant had a strong motive
for the murder: to retaliate against Mindy for testifying against him at the
preliminary hearing on the assault and kidnapping case and to prevent her from
testifying at trial. This was demonstrated by his call to Sandra Ramirez before the
preliminary hearing in which he told Ramirez to tell Mindy not to go to court,
followed by his second call to Ramirez in which he asked her to come to court and
pick up a letter from him to Mindy; by the disturbance he caused at the
preliminary hearing when, during Mindy‟s testimony, he said, “I don‟t have to sit
here and listen to this shit”; and by his statement to police after the killing that he
was angry about Mindy‟s testimony at the preliminary hearing. The presence of
motive is a circumstance that may establish guilt. (People v. Estep (1996) 42
Cal.App.4th 733, 738.)
There was also strong evidence of defendant‟s active involvement in the
murder even though he was in custody. Defendant orchestrated Mindy‟s presence
at the alley where she was murdered by insisting that Mindy‟s friend “Happy” be
initiated into the girls‟ gang in the alley rather than in the park where the girls had
originally planned to jump her into the gang. Documentary evidence
50
demonstrated that one and two days before the shooting and on the day of the
shooting calls were made from where defendant was being held in custody to his
family‟s residence where his brother Ricardo lived.
Moreover, Patty Lopez, the sister of defendant and Ricardo, told police she
had arranged a three-way call between defendant and Uribe — who supplied the
weapon — in the days before the killing. The jury could reasonably have inferred
from this evidence that the subject matter of defendant‟s conversation with
Ricardo and Uribe was Mindy‟s murder. The jury could reasonably also have
concluded that defendant‟s insistence that Mindy be brought to the alley was part
of the plot. There also was defendant‟s question to gang member Alma Cruz the
day before the shooting in which he asked her whether she could kill a “homegirl,”
followed by his statement, “I already have someone doing it for me.” The jury
reasonably could have inferred that the “homegirl” in question was Mindy.
Subsequent to the shooting, defendant acted and made statements in a
manner from which the jury reasonably could have inferred consciousness of guilt
that, in turn, provided additional evidence of his participation in the killing as a
principal. The day after the shooting, defendant called Sandra Ramirez and asked
her, “What happened?” When she told him Mindy had been killed, instead of
professing shock or grief, he asked her if she knew where Ricardo was and hung
up when she said she did not. In a second call later that day, defendant asked her
if she had spoken to police, and advised her not to say anything to them. When
interviewed by police approximately two weeks after the shooting, defendant lied
when he was asked when he had learned about Mindy‟s killing. He told Detective
Oppelt he had learned about it only one week after it had happened. Defendant
also lied about not having spoken to either his brother or Uribe in the days before
the shooting. Defendant also initially lied to police about whether he had spoken
to Ramirez, but then admitted he had talked to her about initiating a girl into the
51
gang. This statement corroborated Ramirez‟s testimony that she and defendant
had spoken about this matter. Around the time Mindy was shot, the number 187
was sent to her pager. Defendant spontaneously volunteered to police that Mindy
had complained to him about the number appearing on her pager and he said he
had told her the message was not from his family. From the fact that defendant
admitted knowing about this incident and went out of his way to exculpate
himself, the jury could have inferred the message originated from him or at his
behest.
Viewed in the light of the substantial evidence rule, the evidence was more
than sufficient for the jury to have concluded that defendant instigated Mindy‟s
killing, assisted in its planning, and advised and encouraged his brother to carry it
out and was therefore guilty of first degree murder as a principal under an aiding
and abetting theory.
As noted, the prosecution alternatively argued that defendant could be
convicted of Mindy‟s murder under a conspiracy theory. Although defendant does
not specifically challenge the sufficiency of the evidence to support that theory, to
the extent his argument may encompass such a claim, we reject it. “One who
conspires with others to commit a felony is guilty as a principal. (§ 31.) „ “Each
member of the conspiracy is liable for the acts of any of the others in carrying out
the common purpose, i.e., all acts within the reasonable and probable
consequences of the common unlawful design.” [Citations.]‟ ” (In re Hardy
(2007) 41 Cal.4th 977, 1025-1026.)
The same evidence that supports defendant‟s conviction of first degree
murder on an aiding and abetting theory also supports his conviction on a
conspiracy theory of liability. That evidence shows defendant conspired with his
brother to kill Mindy and was personally responsible for luring Mindy to the alley
where she was shot to death. Additionally, defendant is liable for Mindy‟s murder
52
based on the acts taken by Ricardo to carry out the crime that was the object of the
conspiracy.
Defendant offers alternative and innocuous explanations of the evidence
that supports his conviction. Under the substantial evidence rule, however, “ „if
the circumstances reasonably justify the jury‟s findings, the judgment may not be
reversed simply because the circumstances might also reasonably be reconciled
with a contrary finding.‟ [Citation.] Accordingly, we need not — and do not —
address all of defendant[‟s] assertions of conflict[] in the evidence, or [his]
alternative theories regarding the inference[] that should have been drawn from the
evidence.” (People v. Letner and Tobin (2010) 50 Cal.4th 99, 162.)
We conclude that substantial evidence does establish that defendant was a
principal to the crime and therefore supports his conviction of first degree murder.
D. Claim of Prosecutorial Misconduct in Guilt Phase Closing
Argument
Defendant contends the prosecutor committed misconduct during closing
argument by disparaging his attorney and by arguing facts not in evidence. We
reject his claim.
“ „A prosecutor‟s misconduct violates the Fourteenth Amendment to the
United States Constitution when it “infects the trial with such unfairness as to
make the conviction a denial of due process.” [Citations.] In other words, the
misconduct must be “of sufficient significance to result in the denial of the
defendant‟s right to a fair trial.” [Citation.] A prosecutor‟s misconduct that does
not render a trial fundamentally unfair nevertheless violates California law if it
involves “the use of deceptive or reprehensible methods to attempt to persuade
either the court or the jury.” [Citations.]‟ [Citations.]” (People v. Clark, supra,
52 Cal.4th at p. 960.) “Generally, a claim of prosecutorial misconduct is
preserved for appeal only if the defendant objects in the trial court and requests an
53
admonition, or if an admonition would not have cured the prejudice caused by the
prosecutor‟s misconduct. [Citations.]” (People v. Ledesma (2006) 39 Cal.4th 641,
726, italics added.)
Defendant‟s first claim of prosecutorial misconduct involves statements
made by the prosecutor at two points during his closing argument, which he argues
disparaged defense counsel. “Personal attacks on opposing counsel are improper
and irrelevant to the issues.” (People v. Sandoval (1992) 4 Cal.4th 155, 184.)
Commenting on defense counsel‟s assertion that the prosecutor had invited
the jury to base its verdict on speculation, the prosecutor suggested it was defense
counsel who wanted the jury to speculate. He added, “counsel has looked you in
the eye unblinkingly and just said straight out, butter wouldn‟t melt in their
mouths, and I want you to think about — .” Ricardo‟s counsel immediately
objected. The court sustained the objection. A few pages later in the transcript,
responding to the defense argument that the prosecutor had asked the jury to
speculate that it was defendant who broke into Margarite Pile‟s car, the prosecutor
said: “How do you know [defendant] was in the car? Now, this is what I‟m
talking about. I thought [defendant‟s counsel] was in the courtroom during
[Pile‟s] testimony —.” Defense counsel objected to the “disparaging remark about
counsel,” and the objection was sustained.
Defendant contends the prosecutor committed reversible misconduct by
attacking his attorney‟s integrity and implying that he was lying to the jury. The
Attorney General argues that defendant has forfeited his argument regarding the
first allegedly disparaging remark because cocounsel, and not defendant‟s counsel,
made the objection. But the prosecutor‟s statement that “butter wouldn‟t melt in
their mouths” appears to have been directed at both counsel. Once cocounsel‟s
objection was sustained, it would have served no purpose for defendant‟s attorney
to independently object. Under these circumstances, we find no forfeiture on the
54
ground that defendant‟s counsel failed to object. However, as noted, to preserve
the issue of prosecutorial misconduct on appeal, the defendant must both object
and request a curative admonition unless such admonition would have failed to
cure to any prejudice. (People v. Ledesma, supra, 39 Cal.4th at p. 726.)
Defendant‟s failure to request a curative admonition as to either of the allegedly
disparaging statements forfeits the claim. (People v. Stanley (2006) 39 Cal.4th
913, 942 [defense counsel‟s failure to request admonition after objecting to
prosecutor‟s guilt phase rebuttal argument forfeits the claim on appeal]; People v.
Montiel (1993) 5 Cal.4th 877, 914.) In any event, the claim is meritless. The
remarks in question were fleeting and rather obscure. Even if they constituted
misconduct, they do not constitute the type of deceptive and reprehensible
methods that require reversal. (See People v. Sandoval, supra, 4 Cal.4th at p. 184
[prosecutor‟s comments denigrating defense counsel were a small part of the
prosecutor‟s argument and did not require reversal].) Morever, the court sustained
objections to the two comments that defendant claims constitute misconduct.
(People v. Hill (1998) 17 Cal.4th 800, 845 [“[A]s to some of Morton‟s acts of
misconduct, Blum objected and the trial court sustained the objection, thereby
diminishing the prejudice flowing from that particular misconduct”].)
Defendant‟s second allegation of prosecutorial misconduct asserts that the
prosecutor argued facts not in evidence. “The prosecutor should not, of course,
argue facts not in evidence.” (People v. Osband (1996) 13 Cal.4th 622, 698.)
During defense counsel‟s own closing argument, he attacked the credibility
of Mindy‟s fellow gang members, Sandra Ramirez and Alma Cruz, regarding their
testimony that defendant had asked Cruz whether she would kill a “homegirl.” In
rebuttal, the prosecutor argued that, had Ramirez and Cruz wanted to falsely
implicate defendant in the murder “why [didn‟t] they just come straight out and
say it? If they really wanted to get this guy, for God knows what reason, why
55
didn‟t they say [defendant] said, hey, I‟ve got Ricardo and [Uribe] working on it?”
Defendant‟s counsel objected that the prosecutor was arguing facts not in
evidence. The objection was overruled.
Defendant contends the prosecutor‟s argument was improper because it
assumed the two women knew that Ricardo and Uribe were both implicated in the
crime when the only evidence implicating Uribe was Ricardo‟s statement, which
was not admitted against defendant. He claims that this amounted to arguing facts
not in evidence. We disagree. The evidence showed that Uribe was with Ricardo
when Ramirez, Cruz, and the other girls arrived in the alley where Mindy was
shot. Uribe also was present when Ricardo chastised Ramirez for bringing the
other girls because “you know what‟s going to happen,” and when he told her that
“if anything happened to say it was a drive by.” Uribe was there when Ricardo
removed the gun from his waistband, pointed it at Ramirez and said he was going
to shoot her. It was Uribe who went over to Mindy and told her that Ricardo
wanted to talk to her. The prosecutor could properly invite the jury to infer that
Ramirez and Cruz surmised Uribe was part of the plan to kill the victim. (People
v. Mitcham, supra, 1 Cal.4th at p. 1052 [the prosecutor may argue his or her view
of the inferences to be drawn from the evidence].) Accordingly, the prosecutor‟s
rehabilitation of the witnesses‟ credibility by pointing out that, had they wanted to
implicate defendant, they could have done so more directly, was not misconduct.
E. Claims of Guilt Phase Instructional Error
1. Motive instruction
Defendant contends the standard instruction on motive given in this case
(CALJIC No. 2.51) improperly shifted the burden of proof. The jury was
instructed as follows: “Motive is not an element of the crime charged and need
not be shown. However, you may consider motive or lack of motive as a
56
circumstance in this case. Presence of motive may tend to establish a defendant is
guilty. Absence of motive may tend to show that a defendant is not guilty.”
“[T]he instruction did not shift the burden of proof. It merely told the jury it may
consider the presence or absence of motive. [Citations.] The motive instruction
. . . did not undercut other instructions that correctly informed the jury that the
prosecution had the burden of proving guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” (People
v. Cleveland (2004) 32 Cal.4th 704, 750.) We decline defendant‟s invitation to
revisit these conclusions.
2. Consciousness of guilt instructions
Defendant contends the consciousness of guilt instructions given in this
case regarding false statements and suppression of evidence (CALJIC Nos. 2.03 &
2.06) were impermissibly argumentative and allowed the jury to convict him based
on improper inferences. As given here, CALJIC No. 2.03 provided: “If you find
before this trial a defendant made a willfully false or deliberately misleading
statement concerning the crimes for which he is now being tried, you may
consider such statement as a circumstance tending to prove a consciousness of
guilt. However, that conduct is not sufficient by itself to prove guilt, and its
weight and significance, if any, are matters for you to determine.” CALJIC
No. 2.06 essentially tracks CALJIC No. 2.03 with respect to the suppression of
evidence “such as the intimidation of a witness and/or by concealing evidence.”
As defendant acknowledges, we have repeatedly rejected the same argument in
other cases. (People v. Stitely (2005) 35 Cal.4th 514, 555 [CALJIC No. 2.03 is
neither argumentative nor does it “generate an irrational inference of
consciousness of guilt”]; People v. Holloway (2004) 33 Cal.4th 96, 142 [neither
CALJIC No. 2.03 nor CALJIC No. 2.06 is argumentative or fundamentally
57
unfair].) These conclusions apply with equal force to the case before us and
defendant provides no persuasive reason for reconsidering the issue.
F. Penalty Phase Issues
1. Prosecutorial misconduct
Defendant contends the prosecutor committed misconduct during his
closing argument in the penalty phase by (1) asserting that imposition of the death
penalty on defendant was necessary to protect witnesses who had testified against
him, (2) contending that the rule of law required imposition of the death penalty,
and (3) contrasting defendant‟s life in prison with the victim‟s family‟s loss. We
find no misconduct.
We previously have set forth the applicable legal standard in our review of
defendant‟s claims of prosecutorial misconduct at the guilt phase. (See ante, pt.
II.D.) The same standard applies to asserted misconduct at the penalty phase.
(People v. Williams (2010) 49 Cal.4th 405, 464.)
a. Urging imposition of the death penalty to protect witnesses
Defendant contends that the prosecutor improperly argued that the death
penalty was necessary in order to protect Mindy‟s fellow gang members, Sandra
Ramirez and Alma Cruz. Specifically, he cites the prosecutor‟s statements that
defendant had subjected the witnesses to a continuing nightmare and that the jury
must protect them. Defendant contends that these remarks conveyed to the jury
that the system had failed Mindy and the only way the jury could prevent
defendant from posing a future danger to the witnesses was to return a death
sentence. We conclude the argument was not improper.
In the prosecutor‟s discussion of the circumstances of the crime as a factor
in aggravation, he referred to evidence that defendant had employed other people
to carry out the murder. For example, he pointed out that that defendant got his
58
“own younger brother” to do the shooting. He continued, “Who else did he leave
in his wake here? Look at the witnesses in this case. [¶] Look at Sandra Ramirez
and Alma Cruz. Look at what position they were put in.” This remark drew a
defense objection on the ground of “[i]mproper argument,” which was overruled.
The prosecutor went on, “The circumstances surrounding this offense, he arranged
through them, using them to get someone that was their friend in a position to be
killed. And during that conversation what is he talking about? He‟s talking about
the Mexican Mafia. He‟s talking about dues. He‟s talking about killing
homegirls. And then afterwards they‟re told not to say anything. They still had
enough courage to do the right thing, but it took a lot of courage. [¶] So when
does their nightmare end? When do they stop looking over their shoulders?”
The prosecutor spoke again about witness killing when discussing the
special circumstance that the victim was a witness to defendant‟s crimes and
intentionally killed for that reason. He argued: “This is a horrible crime. It goes
to the very heart and soul of our system, the killing of a witness, not only that, a
child. Not only that, it is reached from beyond the walls of a custodial facility to
the outside . . . .” Continuing in this vein, the prosecutor explained that killing a
witness was a special circumstance on par with “torture” and “multiple murders”
warranting the “ultimate penalty” because “things like the murder of a witness, of
a juror, of a judge . . . go right to the very core of our system, that system that we
rely upon that allows the families and allows people to put trust in this system that
says yes, we can approximate justice . . . .”
The prosecutor returned to the theme of witness killing after a recess. He
pointed out that “[t]he system can‟t function if people are killed and cannot testify,
or if they testify and then are killed and not able to answer the lies that are
presented. The system cannot function if people are too afraid to come to court
and tell the truth and to do the right thing.” Referring to Mindy, he noted, “She
59
said she was afraid of this man. She still testified, and when she testified, what is
she looking for? The protection of this system. And we didn‟t protect. She‟s
dead now.” Referring to the witnesses in this case, including Sandra Ramirez,
who “have courage to try and do the right thing,” the prosecutor asked the jury to
“think about what trust these witnesses . . . place in us.” He told the jury, “make
sure that, through your search of justice and through your looking at what is the
appropriate penalty, that that trust is not misplaced.” The prosecutor continued:
“You look at the defendant and you‟ll have to say to him, I know what you are, I
know what you‟ve done. And we will not, we cannot, if we‟re to survive as a
society, tolerate this. It cannot be done. It cannot be accepted. You have to say to
him very clearly that this was way over the line. And that if you have anything to
say about it at all, he will never be put in a position where he will be able to do
this again.” At that point, defendant‟s counsel objected again, asserting the
argument was improper. The court indicated the objection was noted and the
prosecutor resumed, asking the jury “to consider the courage of the witnesses that
have come forward and talked about what has happened to them, what they have
seen, what they have done . . . . And if they had the courage to put their faith and
their trust in this system, I‟m asking you to . . . look at your hearts and come back
and say, justice demands this. We know what justice demands, and justice
demands nothing less than the ultimate penalty [for] this defendant. Justice
demands the death penalty.”
We reject defendant‟s claim that these remarks constituted an emotional
plea to the jury to assume personal responsibility for the safety of the
prosecution‟s witnesses by returning a death verdict. Rather, the point of the
prosecutor‟s argument was that a system in which witnesses are killed or
threatened with death cannot function and, therefore, the death penalty is required
to deter people like defendant from killing witnesses and compromising the
60
integrity of the system. A prosecutor is entitled to “assert that the community,
acting on behalf of those injured, has the right to express its values by imposing
the severest punishment for the most aggravated crimes,” so long as those
comments are “not inflammatory,” do not “seek to invoke untethered passions,”
and do not “form the principal basis of his argument.” (People v. Zambrano
(2007) 41 Cal.4th 1082, 1179.) Moreover, to the extent the argument was a
comment on defendant‟s future dangerousness, such argument was permissible.
“ „[I]n closing argument a prosecutor may . . . comment on the possibility that if
the defendant is not executed he or she will remain a danger to others. . . . [if] . . .
such comments . . . are supported by the evidence.‟ ” (People v. Michaels (2002)
28 Cal.4th 486, 540-541.) The argument was proper in this case based on the
evidence that defendant had engineered Mindy‟s murder while he was in custody.
We find no misconduct.
b. Preserving the rule of law
We likewise reject defendant‟s related claim that the prosecutor‟s argument
regarding the propriety of the death penalty for witness killing was necessary to
preserve the rule of law. Defendant asserts that the prosecutor‟s argument
suggested to the jury that witness killing required the death penalty in every case
notwithstanding the existence of the alternative of life without possibility of
parole. It is true the prosecutor argued that killing a witness warrants the death
penalty because such an act strikes at the heart of the justice system. That
argument was not improper. (People v. Zambrano, supra, 41 Cal.4th at p. 1179.)
The defense could and did offer a different view. The jury was free to come to its
own conclusion about which punishment was appropriate. Nor do we agree with
defendant that the argument improperly appealed to the jurors‟ emotions because
it suggested the death penalty for witness killing was necessary for society‟s
61
survival. “ „ “Unlike the guilt determination, where appeals to the jury‟s passions
are inappropriate, in making the penalty decision, the jury must make a moral
assessment of all the relevant facts as they reflect on its decision. [Citations.]
Emotions must not reign over reason and, on objection, courts should guard
against prejudicially emotional argument. [Citation.] But emotion need not,
indeed, cannot, be entirely excluded from the jury‟s moral assessment.”
[Citation.]‟ ” (People v. Jackson (2009) 45 Cal.4th 662, 691.) We conclude that
the prosecutor‟s argument did not constitute prejudicially emotional argument and
was not misconduct.
c. Comparing life without parole to the victim’s family’s
permanent loss
Defendant contends finally that the prosecutor committed misconduct when
he contrasted the kind of life defendant might enjoy in prison with the impact of
Mindy‟s death on her family, contending that the argument constituted an
inflammatory call for vengeance and a misuse of victim impact testimony. We
conclude there was no misconduct.
Over defense objection, the prosecutor asked the jury to consider the
meaning of life without the possibility of parole, saying, “I want you to think
about when you‟re a lifer and you‟re in prison, what are you doing [?] What can
you do? Can you read? Can you watch T.V.? Can you work out? Can you have
friends? It might be monastic, but do you have a life? Do you continue to breathe
the air that is on the earth? Do you continue to think? Do you continue to write to
your friends and family? Do you have visits? Do you have a life? . . . On
holidays or whatever, can your family come and see you? [¶] If Mindy‟s family
wants to visit her, they can‟t. If they want to talk to — well, I take that back
because they can go to the grave site, and what a bleak and lonely experience that
must be, to see the — visit the grave of your child. And when they talk to her, I
62
know that they hope and they pray that she‟s listening and hearing their words, but
it‟s not the same as holding your child or holding your grandkids.” The defense
objected that the prosecutor‟s remarks constituted an improper appeal to the
jurors‟ emotions and were also a call for vengeance.
We observe initially that a prosecutor may properly argue that “the
community, acting on behalf of those injured, has the right to express its values by
imposing the severest punishment for the most aggravated crimes.” (People v.
Zambrano, supra, 41 Cal.4th at p. 1179, italics added.) As we also observed in
Zambrano, “[r]etribution on behalf of the community is an important purpose of
all society‟s punishments, including the death penalty. [Citations.]” (Id. at
p. 1078.) Therefore, a prosecutor may argue for imposition of the death penalty as
“a valid form of community retribution or vengeance,” (ibid.) so long as the
argument does not seek to “invoke untethered passions, or to dissuade jurors from
making individual decisions . . . .” (Id. at p. 1179; accord, People v. Martinez
(2010) 47 Cal.4th 911, 966.)
Moreover, with respect to the use of victim impact evidence, a prosecutor
does not commit misconduct in closing argument when he or she refers to such
evidence to “urge the jurors to rely on it in voting to impose the death penalty.”
(People v. Brown (2004) 33 Cal.4th 382, 400.) In this case the prosecutor‟s
allusions to the impact of Mindy‟s death on her family, including his reference to
the family‟s graveside visits, were based on properly admitted victim impact
evidence.
In light of these principles, we conclude that the prosecutor did not commit
misconduct when he called for imposition of the death penalty on defendant,
rather than life in prison, because of the permanent loss his murder of Mindy had
inflicted on her family. Nor do we find that the prosecutor‟s argument sought to
invoke the jury‟s “untethered passions” or “dissuade jurors from making
63
individual decisions.” (People v. Zambrano, supra, 41 Cal.4th at p. 1179.) The
prosecutor did no more than argue from the evidence that justice in this case could
be served only by imposition of the death penalty. To do so was not misconduct.
2. Instruction on restraints
Defendant contends that the trial court committed reversible error by failing
to instruct jurors in arriving at their verdict during the penalty phase to disregard
the fact that defendant had been restrained in the courtroom. We conclude there
was no error or, if error, no prejudice.
The record shows that at one point during the guilt phase trial, defendant
and his brother created a ruckus in the courtroom outside the presence of the jury.
As a result they were both placed in restraints and belted into their seats. At the
time the trial court ordered the restraints, it observed that the restraints would not
be visible to the jury “unless the defendants make it so.” During the penalty
phase, Deputy Sheriff Perez, who had been involved in an altercation with
defendant at the county jail, was asked to describe how she had handcuffed him on
the day of that incident. She testified: “With the chains in my hand. They‟re
similar — I don’t know what he’s wearing now, but it‟s a handcuff on each end
and it — it‟s got a chain, and I was holding him like this.” There was no defense
objection to this testimony.
Defendant now contends that in light of the deputy sheriff‟s testimony, the
trial court should have instructed the jury on its own motion to disregard the fact
that defendant was in restraints. In support of this claim he relies on People v.
Duran (1976) 16 Cal.3d 282 (Duran). Under Duran, “[i]n those instances when
visible restraints must be imposed the court shall instruct the jury sua sponte that
such restraints should have no bearing on the determination of the defendant‟s
guilt. However, when the restraints are concealed from the jury‟s view, this
64
instruction should not be given unless requested by defendant since it might invite
initial attention to the restraints and thus create prejudice which would otherwise
be avoided.” (Id. at pp. 291-292.) Here, defendant points to nothing in the record
suggesting that the restraints were visible to the jury. In the absence of evidence
the jury saw defendant‟s restraints, the court had no duty to instruct. (People v.
Lightsey (2012) 54 Cal.4th 668, 721.)
Defendant cites no authority for the proposition that a witness‟s fleeting
and ambiguous reference to the possibility a defendant might be in restraints
triggers the same duty to instruct. Indeed, the Attorney General contends that
“there is [sic] no indications that the restraints were visible to the jury.” This
assertion is supported by the trial court‟s observation when it ordered the restraints
that unless the defendants “make it so,” the restraints would not be visible to the
jury. It is not even clear from the record whether Deputy Sheriff Perez actually
saw defendant‟s restraints (and if she did, when she did) or whether she simply
assumed he was restrained. In these circumstances, an instruction may have
achieved the opposite result than was intended by Duran by calling attention to
defendant‟s restraints when, otherwise, the jury would have been unaware of them.
Even were we to conclude that the witness‟s passing mention of restraints
triggered the court‟s duty to instruct, any error was harmless. The purpose of
requiring the instruction is to prevent the jury from inferring that, because a
defendant charged with a violent crime is restrained, he is “a violent person
disposed to commit” the charged crime. (Duran, supra, 16 Cal.3d at p. 290.)
Where, however, as here, a defendant has been convicted of a special
circumstance murder, the rationale requiring a sua sponte instruction is no longer
applicable. (People v. Medina (1990) 51 Cal.3d 870, 898 [“the risk of substantial
prejudice to a shackled defendant is diminished once his guilt has been
determined”].) As we observed in similar circumstances in People v. Slaughter
65
(2002) 27 Cal.4th 1187: “In the present case, the . . . penalty phase jury knew that
defendant already had been found guilty of murdering two individuals during the
commission of a robbery. Under any standard, it does not appear that the jury‟s
penalty phase verdict would have been affected even if the jurors . . . concluded
[the defendant] was wearing a restraint.” (Id. at p. 1214.) For the same reasons,
any error here was harmless.
3. Instruction regarding guilt phase instructions
Defendant contends reversal is required because the trial court instructed
the jury to disregard all guilt phase instructions in the penalty phase of the trial.
(CALJIC No. 8.84.1.) Defendant argues that because the court‟s penalty phase
instructions did not include a definition of “reasonable doubt,” the jury would not
know it was required to apply that standard of proof in deciding whether it could
consider as a factor in aggravation the prosecution‟s evidence that defendant had
committed a battery while in custody. He further asserts that the instruction to
disregard guilt phase instructions left the jury without standards by which to assess
the credibility of witnesses or evaluate whether defendant‟s statements constituted
confessions or admissions. We conclude that the trial court‟s failure to define
“reasonable doubt” and reinstruct on the assessment of witness credibility and
confessions and admissions was error but that defendant was not prejudiced.
The penalty phase trial lasted only one day. Defendant elected not to
present a case in mitigation. The prosecution‟s case in aggravation consisted of
victim impact testimony and the testimony of two sheriff‟s deputies regarding an
incident in which defendant reacted violently when being moved from the jail
infirmary to a disciplinary building.
Notably, the jury was instructed that before it could consider the jail
incident as a factor in aggravation it had to find beyond a reasonable doubt that
66
defendant committed the act. The court did not, however, provide a definition of
“reasonable doubt.” The court‟s failure to reiterate the definition of “reasonable
doubt” at the penalty phase was error. (People v. Cowan (2010) 50 Cal.4th 401,
494; People v. Chatman (2006) 38 Cal.4th 344, 408.) And yet “its failure to do so
was harmless. „Absent any suggestion to the contrary, the jury would likely have
assumed the reasonable doubt the court referred to at the penalty phase had the
same meaning as the term had during the guilt phase. There is no reasonable
likelihood [citation] the jury would have believed the reasonable doubt analysis it
was required to engage in at the penalty phase was somehow different than the
reasonable doubt analysis it had already engaged in at the guilt phase. That the
court would not have changed the meaning of such an important term without
saying so is a “commonsense understanding of the instructions in the light of all
that has taken place at the trial [that is] likely to prevail over technical
hairsplitting.” [Citation.] Additionally, “the jury did not request a further
explanation of the reasonable doubt standard, as it surely would have done had it
been confused as to the meaning of reasonable doubt.” [Citation.]‟ [Citation.]”
(People v. Loker (2008) 44 Cal.4th 691, 745-746; accord, People v. Cowan, supra,
at pp. 494-495; People v. Lewis (2008) 43 Cal.4th 415, 534-535.) This analysis
applies with equal force to the present case. The trial court‟s failure to reinstruct
the jury with the previously given definition of “reasonable doubt” was harmless.
The court‟s failure to reinstruct the jury regarding how to assess witness
credibility or how to determine whether defendant‟s statements were confessions
or admissions is likewise error. (People v. Moon (2005) 37 Cal.4th 1, 37.) In
assessing prejudice from the omission of such instructions at the penalty phase, we
evaluate “ „the nature of the evidence presented to determine whether it was likely
the omitted instructions affected the jury‟s evaluation of the evidence,‟ ” and
where we have found the “evidence presented by both the prosecutor and the
67
defendant at the penalty phase” to be “relatively straightforward,” we have
concluded “defendant was not prejudiced by the omission of the instructions.
[Citation.]” (People v. Souza (2012) 54 Cal.4th 90, 134.)
Here, the penalty phase evidence was relatively brief and quite
straightforward. The only evidence that the defense might have controverted, and
as to which the credibility and admissions and confessions instructions might have
applied, was the testimony of the two sheriff‟s deputies regarding defendant‟s in-
custody altercation. Significantly, however, defense counsel‟s brief cross-
examination of these witnesses did not question whether the altercation had
occurred as they described it. Rather, counsel‟s approach was to minimize the
incident. For example, he asked one witness about the extent of her injuries and
whether she had to take off any time from work. Counsel pursued this strategy in
his closing argument in which he referred briefly to the altercation and
characterized it as a “relatively minor incident,” and suggested that it should be
considered a factor in mitigation because it was the sole incident “in over a two-
year period that [defendant] has been incarcerated.”
On this record, we conclude that the court‟s failure to redefine reasonable
doubt and reinstruct on the evaluation of witness credibility and confessions and
admissions by the defendant at the penalty phase did not prejudice defendant.
G. Challenges to the Death Penalty Statute
Defendant advances a number of challenges to the death penalty statute and
related procedures. We have repeatedly rejected each in the past and we do so
again, concluding:
“California‟s automatic appeals procedure is not unconstitutional on the
ground that it fails to provide for intercase proportionality review.” (People v.
Myles (2012) 53 Cal.4th 1181, 1224.)
68
“The California death penalty scheme is not constitutionally defective
because it fails to require jury unanimity on the existence of aggravating factors,
or because it fails to require proof beyond a reasonable doubt that death is the
appropriate penalty, that aggravating factors exist, or that aggravating factors
outweigh mitigating factors. [Citation.] The United States Supreme Court‟s
decisions interpreting the right to a jury trial under the federal Constitution (see
Blakely v. Washington (2004) 542 U.S. 296; Ring v. Arizona (2002) 536 U.S. 584)
do not change these conclusions.” (People v. Thomas (2012) 53 Cal.4th 771, 835.)
“We repeatedly have held that the standard version of CALJIC No. 8.88
[defining aggravating and mitigating factors and the scope of the jury‟s sentencing
discretion] is adequate and correct. [Citations.] We decline to reconsider that
issue here.” (People v. Souza, supra, 54 Cal.4th at p. 141.) Specifically, we reject
defendant‟s claims that CALJIC No. 8.88 is unconstitutional because (a) the
instruction‟s use of the phrase “so substantial” is so vague as to violate the Eighth
and Fourteenth Amendments to the federal Constitution; (b) because the
instruction unconstitutionally fails to require the jury to decide not only whether
death is an authorized punishment, but also whether it is the appropriate
punishment; (c) the instruction fails to inform the jury that if it determines that the
factors in mitigation outweigh those in aggravation, it must return a sentence of
life without the possibility of parole; and (d) the instruction fails to inform jurors
that defendant does not have the burden of persuasion that death is not the
appropriate penalty. (People v. Boyette (2002) 29 Cal.4th 381, 464-465; People v.
Gurule (2002) 28 Cal.4th 557, 661-662.)
Moreover, “[s]ection 190.3, factor (a), does not violate the federal
Constitution‟s Fifth, Sixth, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendments by its asserted
application in a „ “wanton and freakish” ‟ manner that allows almost all features of
69
every murder, even features „ “at odds,” ‟ to be characterized as aggravating.”
(People v. Clark, supra, 52 Cal.4th at p. 1007.)
“ „The statutes are not invalid because they permit the jury to consider in
aggravation, under section 190.3, factor (b), evidence of a defendant‟s
unadjudicated offenses. [Citation.]‟ ” (People v. Fuiava (2012) 53 Cal.4th 622,
732.) Moreover, the jury “need not make a unanimous finding on factor (b)
evidence.” (People v. Brown, supra, 33 Cal.4th at p. 402.)
The trial court need not omit assertedly inapplicable sentencing factors.
(People v. Fuiava, supra, 53 Cal.4th at p. 733.) Neither does the inclusion of
terms such as “ „ “ „extreme‟ ” ‟ ” and “ „ “ „substantial‟ ” ‟ ” in the list of potential
mitigating factors read to the jury “ „ “impermissibly limit the mitigation evidence
or otherwise result in an arbitrary or capricious penalty determination.” ‟ ” (Id. at
p. 732.) Nor is the statute invalid because the jury is not required to make written
findings regarding the aggravating factors. (Ibid.) Finally, “ „ “[t]here is no
violation of the equal protection of the laws as a result of the statutes‟ asserted
failure to provide for capital defendants some procedural guarantees afforded to
noncapital defendants.” ‟ ” (Ibid.; accord, People v. Souza, supra, 54 Cal.4th at
p. 142.)
H. International Law
Defendant contends that his death sentence violates international law,
covenants, treaties and norms that are binding on the United States. “We reject the
assertion. „Because defendant has failed to establish prejudicial violations of state
or federal constitutional law, we need not consider whether such violations would
also violate international law.‟ [Citations.]” (People v. Myles, supra, 53 Cal.4th
at p. 1225.)
70
I. Cumulative Effect of Asserted Errors
Defendant maintains that the cumulative impact of the asserted errors at the
guilt and penalty phases rendered his trial fundamentally unfair. We have found
no error except as to defendant‟s claim that the trial court erroneously admitted
evidence of Ricardo‟s state of mind during the guilt phase and the trial court‟s
failure to reinstruct the jury on the definition of reasonable doubt and on witness
credibility, confessions, and admissions during the penalty phase (see ante, pts.
II.B.2., II.F.3). In addition, we have assumed without deciding that the court erred
by allowing testimony about Mindy‟s demeanor during her testimony at the
preliminary hearing at the guilt phase and by failing to instruct the jury on
restraints at the penalty phase. (See ante, pts. II.B.5., II.F.2.) Our findings of
error and our assumptions of error were accompanied by findings that defendant
was not prejudiced. We also conclude defendant was not cumulatively prejudiced.
CONCLUSION
We affirm the judgment in its entirety.
CANTIL-SAKAUYE, C. J.
WE CONCUR:
KENNARD, J.
BAXTER, J.
WERDEGAR, J.
CHIN, J.
CORRIGAN, J.
LIU, J.
71
See next page for addresses and telephone numbers for counsel who argued in Supreme Court.
Name of Opinion People v. Lopez
__________________________________________________________________________________
Unpublished Opinion
Original Appeal XXX
Original Proceeding
Review Granted
Rehearing Granted
__________________________________________________________________________________
Opinion No. S073597
Date Filed: June 13, 2013
__________________________________________________________________________________
Court: Superior
County: Los Angeles
Judge: Meredith C. Taylor
__________________________________________________________________________________
Counsel:
Michael J. Hersek, State Public Defender, under appointment by the Supreme Court, and Arnold Erickson,
Deputy State Public Defender, for Defendant and Appellant.
Bill Lockyer and Kamala D. Harris, Attorneys General, Robert R. Anderson, Chief Assistant Attorney,
Pamela C. Hamanaka, Assistant Attorney General, John R. Gorey and Theresa A. Patterson, Deputy
Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
Counsel who argued in Supreme Court (not intended for publication with opinion):
Arnold Erickson
Deputy State Public Defender
221 Main Street, 10th Floor
San Francisco, CA 94105
(415) 904-5600
Theresa A. Patterson
Deputy Attorney General
300 South Spring Street
Los Angeles, CA 90013
(213) 620-6004
Opinion Information
| Date: | Docket Number: |
| Thu, 06/13/2013 | S073597 |
