Filed 6/9/03 (Publishers: this opn. should precede In re Cox, also filed this date.)
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF CALIFORNIA
THE
PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent,
S004703
v.
MICHAEL ANTHONY COX,
El
Dorado
County
Super.
Ct.
No.
44625
Defendant and Appellant.
On November 26, 1985, defendant Michael Anthony Cox was sentenced to
death for the 1984 first degree murders of three teenage girls — Denise Galston,
her sister Debbie Galston, and Lynda Burrill — with the special circumstance of
multiple murder. (Pen. Code, §§ 187, 190.2, subd. (a)(3).) This appeal is
automatic. (Pen. Code, § 1239, subd. (b).) For the reasons stated below, the
judgment is affirmed.1
I.
GUILT PHASE
A. Overview
Nona Chapman ran a foster home for teenage girls on Weswin Court in
Placerville. Darlene S. (Darlene), age 17, moved into the home on December 14,
1983. Debbie Galston (Debbie), age 14, moved in on May 11, 1984, left two
1
Claims relating to defendant’s habeas corpus petition are addressed in the
companion decision In re Cox (June 9, 2003, S004507) ___ Cal.4th ___, filed
simultaneously with this opinion.
weeks later, and returned on July 10, 1984. Her sister, Denise Galston (Denise),
also age 14 (they were two of a set of triplets), moved in on May 23, 1984. Joanna
N. (Joanna), age 17, moved in on May 25, 1984.
Joanna testified that she saw defendant stab Denise to death on June 12,
1984. Denise’s body was found in the El Dorado National Forest on July 31,
1984. Her clothes were found on April 30, 1985, near the location where her body
had been found.
Lynda Burrill (Lynda), age 18, lived with roommates in Placerville and was
acquainted with the girls who lived in the foster home. She disappeared on June
29, 1984 and was last seen with defendant. Her body was found in the El Dorado
National Forest on August 4, 1984. A week later, her clothes were recovered near
the location where the body was found.
Debbie disappeared from the foster home on August 8, 1984. Joanna, who
was Debbie’s roommate at the home, found her clothes in the El Dorado National
Forest on August 10, 1984. Debbie’s body was found on October 27, 1984, not
far from where her clothes were found.
Defendant, age 27, worked at a convalescent hospital in Placerville.
Although employed, he often slept in his car, which he would park in downtown
Placerville. He met Darlene in January 1984 and immediately began dating her.
They would often go camping in the areas where the victims’ bodies were later
recovered. They married in September 1984, but defendant left Darlene in
November of that year. Defendant knew all of the murdered girls, as he
frequented an arcade called The Oz in downtown Placerville where they
congregated, and he often picked up Darlene at the foster home. Testimony
showed he had a low regard for the three victims.
2
Darlene testified that defendant told her shortly after Debbie disappeared
that he had killed all three girls. Defendant was arrested on November 10, 1984
for the three murders.
B. Defendant’s Attitude Toward the Victims
Several teenage girls testified that prior to Denise’s murder on June 12,
1984, defendant had made rude and threatening comments toward the three
victims. For example, Michele D. (Michele), age 15, testified that she met
defendant in April of 1984 and that defendant called Denise a slut, stated that
Debbie was “turning out real bad,” and called Lynda a “hoser.” Michele further
stated that defendant’s whole attitude changed in the spring and summer of 1984.
“He became obscene and started listing people, labeling them, what they were and
stuff.” Defendant told Michele that she “shouldn’t be like them.”
Lynette H., age 16, testified that in early April of 1984 she was riding in
defendant’s car when he told her “that some of the girls downtown had a bad
reputation to him,” and that they were “sluts.”
Lynne A., a high school student, testified that she knew Debbie, Denise,
and Lynda from downtown Placerville. In May of 1984, she was with the three
victims and two other girls near The Oz when defendant came by, called the girls
“sluts,” and made a vulgar sexual reference toward them. On another occasion,
Lynne A. testified that Lynda and two other girls were seated on a bench and
defendant yelled from his car, “Does your mama know where you sluts are at?”
Darlene testified that defendant called Denise a slut. She stated that in the
spring of 1984, she and defendant were in his car and they saw Denise smoking a
cigarette outside the foster home. Defendant told Darlene “three would be
eliminated from the foster home and three more.” On cross-examination,
however, Darlene stated that “eliminate” was her word.
3
C. Murder of Denise Galston
Denise was last seen on June 12, 1984, the day she was murdered. Joanna
witnessed her murder, but did not come forward with this information until late
October of 1984.
On July 31, 1984, Denise’s remains were found. Loggers John Keyser and
Todd Story were working off Ferrari Mill Road. They testified that they reached
that spot by driving down Iron Mountain Road, also known as Mormon Emigrant
Trail, crossing two dams and making a right turn onto Ferrari Mill Road. On
Ferrari Mill Road, they traveled approximately three-quarters of a mile to an
intersection known as “Four Corners,” turned right and traveled about one-half to
three-quarters of a mile. There they found a human skull and other bones. They
found no clothing. Through dental records, including X-rays, it was determined
that the bones were the remains of Denise. The pathologist was unable to
determine the cause of death; all she could state was that there was no observable
trauma to any of the bones.
On the evening of June 12, Joanna went to a church parking lot and began
drinking. Thereafter, she went to downtown Placerville. She witnessed a
commotion, during which Ron Burelco threw a cement block through the
windshield of a patrol car. This incident took place between 9:10 and 9:30 p.m.
At this time, she saw defendant by the Bell Tower (a local downtown landmark) in
his car. He told Joanna that he wanted to talk to her. She got in his car and they
drove to the city park. Defendant made a sexual overture to Joanna and grabbed
her breast. Joanna returned downtown, where she saw Denise arguing with police
officers. She pulled Denise aside and spoke with her. She then walked over to the
Stancil’s Toyota dealership, where she again saw Denise, and the two spoke
4
briefly. Denise left, and Joanna watched her walk under an overpass, toward the
foster home.2
Joanna then saw defendant drive by and she made a rude gesture using her
third finger, in response to the earlier incident in his car. Defendant stopped where
Denise was walking. Joanna stated that it looked like they were arguing and
Denise got into his car. The car turned around, approached Joanna, and stopped.
Denise asked Joanna to get in the car. Joanna agreed, and sat in the front seat next
to Denise. The three left Placerville and headed onto Highway 50. Defendant
said they were going to a party. They got off at the Sly Park exit and drove onto
Sly Park Road, and then onto Mormon Emigrant Trail. Soon thereafter, the car
then turned onto a dirt road, which was Ferrari Mill Road. Joanna saw yellow
letters on a tree stump and asked to stop to go to the bathroom. The car eventually
stopped and Joanna got out, walked about 100 yards away from the car and
vomited. She climbed up a wooded area and washed her face in a “little trickle of
water, a stream,” which was “just barely enough to wash [her] face.” She could
see by moonlight. She then heard Denise screaming her (Joanna’s) name, and
went to the area where she heard Denise’s voice. She saw Denise running in the
nude with defendant chasing her. It looked like Denise’s hands were tied behind
2
Placerville Police Officer Phillip Dannaker testified that on August 12,
1984, Joanna told him that on June 12, 1984, the night Denise disappeared, she
watched as Denise walked through the Locust Street underpass, which was located
approximately 200 yards from the foster home. Officer Dannaker added that
Joanna told him that this was the last time she saw Denise. Outside of the jury’s
presence, Officer Dannaker stated that Joanna also told him that on June 12, she
and Denise were drinking and that defendant dropped off Darlene at the foster
home approximately the same time that she, Joanna, saw Denise walking through
the underpass.
5
her back. Defendant pushed Denise down, put a knife to her throat, and stabbed
her. Joanna stated she ran away while Denise was still screaming.
Joanna reached the road from which they had turned off to get onto Ferrari
Mill Road (Mormon Emigrant Trail), saw a car coming, and hid. A second car
drove toward her, and when she realized that it was not defendant’s, she ran out in
front of the car. The driver turned out to be a person named Joe whom she
previously had met at a place called Happy Trails. She got in his car, told him
nothing, and he dropped her off at the Burger King in Placerville.
Once in town, Joanna said she met Bruce Nesthus and stayed over at his
house. Nesthus confirmed that he saw Joanna by the Bell Tower at approximately
3:30 a.m. Nesthus stated that Joanna was very jumpy and her mind seemed
elsewhere; she would look over her shoulder and, when a car came by, she would
try to hide; and, when she walked into his house, she sighed with relief. Nesthus
stated that they had sexual relations and Joanna left the next morning, telling him
she was going water-skiing.
Adele Nelson, Joanna’s social worker, met with Joanna on June 13, 1984.
She had spoken with her on seven to 10 occasions prior to that date. She said
Joanna’s demeanor was substantially different on June 13. Nelson stated that it
seemed that what they had discussed two days earlier “was completely out of her
mind, and [Nelson] wondered what had happened to obliterate what had been
important to her from her mind.”
Joanna testified that she told no one of the murder, including the police,
Nesthus, Chapman, her boyfriend Larry Wright, or Darlene because she thought
she would get in trouble and be arrested for the murder. She added that she was
ashamed that she had not helped Denise. Thereafter, she avoided defendant and
the foster home, and often stayed with her boyfriend’s grandparents. She left
6
Placerville the last week of August 1984 and moved to Renton, Washington, to
live with her brother.
Joanna “couldn’t live with herself” and returned to Placerville by train on
October 29, 1994 because “she had to come back and tell somebody.” The
evening of her return, Joanna talked to Placerville Police Officer Phillip Dannaker.
She was visibly shaking and crying at times. She said she knew something about
the murders but was afraid the police might think she was involved.
The next day, October 30, 1984, Joanna chanced upon Fay Harnage, the
wife of El Dorado County Sheriff’s Detective Erol Harnage. Fay Harnage
testified that she and Joanna began talking after her dog barked at Joanna. It was
the first time she had ever met Joanna. Joanna, she said, started talking about the
murders and was on the verge of becoming hysterical. Fay Harnage informed her
that she was a sheriff’s wife and suggested that Joanna accompany her home and
meet with her husband, Detective Harnage. Joanna agreed. Once at the residence,
Joanna met Detective Harnage and agreed to speak with him and El Dorado
County Sheriff Sergeant Bill Wilson about the murders.
Joanna told the two sheriff’s deputies that she had information about the
case they were investigating and wanted to talk to them, but was hesitant because
she was afraid she had done something wrong and would be arrested. She
explained that she had gone to Washington to try to get away from “it,” but found
she could not live with “it” and had returned to talk to them. She also said she was
ashamed of herself. It was ultimately agreed that Joanna would talk with a
psychologist, Dr. Frank Dougherty, who might be able to help her overcome her
reluctance to tell the deputies what she knew about the case.
On November 1, 1984, Joanna had her first session with Dr. Dougherty.
She met with him again on November 2. She told him that on June 12, she went to
Sly Park with defendant and Denise, and that defendant murdered Denise, but she
7
offered no other information. She later testified that, at this juncture, she had just
wanted defendant to get arrested, she was not yet ready to tell the whole truth
about what she had witnessed, and that she had lied to Dr. Dougherty about certain
details.
On November 2, Dr. Dougherty and Sergeant Wilson conducted an
interview with Joanna that was tape-recorded. That same evening, Sergeant
Wilson suggested they “take Joanna in a vehicle to the location.” Joanna agreed to
direct Detective Harnage, Sergeant Wilson and Dr. Dougherty along the route she
took the night of the murder. They left at 9:00 p.m. Joanna directed them to
Highway 50, then to the Sly Park Road turnoff. From Sly Park Road, they drove
to the intersection of Mormon Emigrant Trail, crossing two dams. Whenever she
told them to make a turn, they would stop after the turn. Joanna would tell them
that she did not wish to go any further; she wanted to go back home. They kept
reassuring her that everything was all right. As they passed the second dam,
Joanna told them to drive slowly. After crossing the dam, they turned right on
Ferrari Mill Road, finally reaching the intersection known as Four Corners. They
stopped. Joanna “was sunk way down low” in her seat and did not respond when
Sergeant Wilson suggested she get out of the car. They turned around and headed
back to the sheriff’s office.
On November 5, 1984, Joanna and Dr. Dougherty had another session. The
following day, November 6, Dr. Dougherty, Detective Harnage and Sergeant
Wilson took Joanna in a vehicle and returned to Four Corners to see if Joanna
could direct them any further. The closer they got to that location, the more
fearful and reluctant Joanna became. Once on Ferrari Mill Road, as they
approached Four Corners, Joanna said she remembered going further and started
crying. At Four Corners, there was a stump with some yellow paint on it. Joanna
told them to continue straight ahead, on Ferrari Mill Road. After about a half-
8
mile, she told them to turn around because they were on the wrong road. Back at
Four Corners, Joanna said, “We went further down that road,” pointing to the road
where Denise’s remains had been located. Joanna became very quiet and sat there
crying. They returned to Placerville.
On November 7, Joanna had another session with Dr. Dougherty. After
that session, Joanna gave a complete tape-recorded statement to the deputies
describing the events of June 12. She said that when she saw the yellow paint on
the stump she finally decided to tell the truth and leave out nothing.
On cross-examination, Joanna admitted having told a different story on
November 7, compared to what she had said on the 10-minute tape prepared on
November 2. The November 2 tape was played to the jury. She also admitted
drinking a pint of rum and a six-pack of beer the night Denise was murdered. She
stated that she applied for a reward in this case, but there was no evidence that
Joanna was aware of the reward when she came forward. Joanna stated she
thought the moon was full that night. In fact, it was one night before a full moon.
Joanna stated that she previously recalled saying that there was a “stream” in the
area where she had washed her face.
Whether water was actually present in the area where Joanna claimed she
had washed her face was the subject of much testimony. Susan and Charles
Greenwood, who lived at the end of the road where Denise’s remains were
located, stated there was no standing water anywhere near where Denise’s body
was found.
However, Ronald Jones, Director of the El Dorado County Irrigation
District, testified that he maintained the rainfall records at Sly Park Dam. He
stated that in 1984, it rained .19 inches on June 4, .74 inches on June 5, .24 inches
on June 6, and .15 inches on June 7. Prior to June 4, the previous rainfall had
occurred on May 3, 1984.
9
Brian Morris, a registered professional forester with the United States
Forest Service, who studied soil hydrology and watershed management, testified
that he viewed Denise’s remains on July 31, 1984, the day they were discovered.
The body was on the uphill side of a log, 200 feet up the slope of the roadway,
about 100 feet east of an ephemeral draw. He described such a draw as a swale
with a rounded bottom that occasionally collected water. He also found culverts
that would form shallow puddles during the time of a runoff. He stated that, given
the rainfall in that first week of June 1984, he would reasonably expect that on
June 12, 1984, water would pool and go down into the culvert.
John Cleever, a logger, testified that he went to Four Corners on June 9,
1984 (three days before the murder) to report for work. He said that he drove up
Ferrari Mill Road to Four Corners and wanted to make a right turn (onto the road
where Denise’s remains were found), but there was a big mudhole with standing
water, so he parked elsewhere.
The Greenwoods testified that the yellow painted stump that was identified
by Joanna first appeared in August 1984, after the murder was committed.
But Dennis Ringnes, a timber sale administrator with the United States
Forest Service, testified that in a timber sale, trees to be cut are painted with a
special “tracer” paint that is kept under lock and key in order to prevent
individuals from painting additional trees not included in the timber sale. He
stated that the yellow stump identified by Joanna was painted with that yellow
tracer paint in 1979. John Cleever also testified that the trees in that area were
painted yellow prior to June 1984.
Darlene testified that she was with defendant the night Denise was
murdered, and they had driven to Sports Kingdom Hall and McDonald’s in
Placerville. She said defendant kept a knife above the car’s sun visor and
handcuffs in the backseat. She stated that defendant was “cleaning his gun and
10
sharpening his knife” and told her he was “going to take care of business.” On
cross-examination she admitted that at the preliminary hearing, she said that
petitioner had said, “Tonight is going to be a good night for business.” She said
that defendant took her back to the foster home at 10:00 p.m. She ate a banana
and went to the “top of the hill” near the foster home to smoke a cigarette. From
that vantage point, she saw defendant pick up Denise underneath the overpass,
turn around and stop. She never saw Denise again. She did not see defendant the
following day.3
On April 30, 1985, James Stalford was scouting for wood 100 yards off
Ferrari Mill Road by the Four Corners intersection when he came across a
“reversible [jacket] either dark blue or black on one side and orange on the other.”
He stated that underneath the coat was a purple sweatshirt, bra, tennis shoes, and
denim pants. There was no blood on the clothes. Bruce Nesthus stated that the
reversible jacket belonged to him, and that he had loaned this jacket to Denise
while they were standing by the Sports Kingdom Hall on June 12, the night Denise
was murdered. Nesthus testified that he saw Joanna at that time as well, standing
by the fence at the Stancil’s Toyota dealership.
On June 22, 1985, during trial, Sergeant Wilson directed Joanna to take him
to the spot where Denise had been killed. Joanna did not want to go, but Sergeant
Wilson insisted. Once at Four Corners, he told her to direct him. Joanna said to
drive straight ahead. After about 75 yards, Joanna said that this was not the road,
and to turn around. Once back at Four Corners, at Joanna’s direction, they next
took the road to their right. After about 150 yards, she said that this was “not the
3
Outside the jury’s presence, Darlene testified that she did not disclose to
anyone that she saw Denise get into petitioner’s car until Friday, June 7, 1985,
three days before she began her jury trial testimony on Monday, June 10, 1985.
11
road either,” and they returned to the intersection. When he asked her which was
the correct road, Joanna pointed to the road to the west. They drove down that
road. Joanna told Sergeant Wilson that it was the correct road, but that it looked
different. Wilson said it was possible it looked different because it had been
logged. At the first landing, or wide spot in the road, Joanna said she did not
recall this location, but to keep going. They next went directly into some trees and
Joanna stated, “Now I remember this being this way.” At the second wide spot,
Joanna said she remembered going this way, and said to keep driving. At the third
wide spot in the road she asked Wilson to stop. He asked her why. “This is the
spot,” she said, and she became very quiet and began to cry. Wilson stated that
this was “almost the same spot” where the jury’s bus had stopped when the jurors
viewed the area where Denise’s remains had been located.
D. Disappearance of Lynda Burrill
Lynda, Shane Daniels, Sher L. (Sher), Todd Baxter, and Bob Jacobs shared
a home on Benham Street in Placerville. Lynda lived at this location until she
disappeared on June 29, 1984. On August 4, 1984, William Hurley and his wife
were camping just off Four Corners on Ferrari Mill Road. While walking through
the woods with his dog, he and his wife found a human skull and other skeletal
remains scattered over an area of about 25 square yards. Through dental records,
including X-rays, it was determined that the bones were Lynda’s. The pathologist
was unable to determine the cause of death; she could state only that there was no
observable trauma to any of the bones.
A week later, Hurley and his wife returned to the area where they found the
skull. They were looking for clothes. About 150 yards from where they had
found the skull, the Hurleys found clothing on the ground, including a bra, panties,
a lavender knit top and a yellow shirt. The four pieces of clothing were in close
12
proximity. Sher identified those items as the clothing Lynda was wearing the
night she disappeared. Lynda’s mother, Sharon Burrill, also identified the clothing
as belonging to Lynda.
On June 29, Sher, Baxter, Jacobs, Daniels, and Lynda had dinner at their
Benham Street house. Sher testified that after Daniels and Jacobs left, she and
Lynda walked downtown. They met a friend, Darin McArthur, at the furniture
store, and the three sat on a bench in front of the bakery. Sher saw Lynda go into
The Oz. Lynda left The Oz with defendant and they headed toward the downtown
parking lot. Sher knew defendant from The Oz and from around town. She
testified that defendant and Lynda were talking. Sher asked Lynda where she and
defendant were going, and Lynda told her she was going to the downtown parking
lot and would be “right back.” McArthur also stated he saw Lynda pass by with
defendant and that Lynda said she would be right back. Lynda never returned.
Cheryl Hall, who worked for the Placerville News Company, a downtown
newsstand, testified that she saw Lynda and defendant walk past her newsstand on
a Friday or Saturday in late June, talking to each other. Hall recounted that Sher
was across the street on a bench and Lynda crossed to talk to her while defendant
waited. Hall did not see what happened thereafter. Hall stated that the following
day, Sher told her that Lynda had not come home and Sher “was really worried
about her.”
On Saturday, June 30, at 10:00 a.m., defendant went to Joe and Linda
Crespin’s house. He spoke to Linda Crespin. She remembered the date because it
was her 17th wedding anniversary. She asked defendant if he was dating anyone.
He replied, “Yes, I’m seeing a girl named Lynda.” She was not sure if he used the
word “seeing” or “dating.” Crespin remarked on the coincidence that her own
name was Linda. Defendant replied, “Yes, but she’s not like you.” He added,
“girls like that should be eliminated.” Crespin was sure defendant used the word
13
“eliminated.” Crespin stated that defendant had a scratch on his forehead and
when she pointed it out, he said he got the scratch “cutting wood.” She later
observed him put some medicine on the scratch.
A few days after Lynda’s disappearance, Sher was using a pay telephone in
the downtown parking lot, talking to Lynda’s father, Donald Burrill. Sher saw
defendant park his car, exit the vehicle, and walk with Darlene out of the parking
lot. As they passed her, Sher asked defendant where Lynda had gone “that night.”
Defendant replied, “Lynda who?” Sher then specified to defendant Lynda’s last
name (Burrill). When defendant said he “didn’t know if he knew her,” Sher
described Lynda. Defendant then said he did not know Lynda and he was not in
town that night. Sher told defendant she had seen him with Lynda that night.
Defendant replied, “Well, whatever.”
Upon learning that his daughter was last seen with defendant, Donald
Burrill called defendant’s place of employment, the El Dorado Convalescent
Hospital, and spoke to defendant on July 5 by telephone. He asked defendant:
“What did you do with my daughter?” Defendant replied, “Darlene and I do not
know your daughter.” Burrill described Lynda to defendant as a young girl acting
as a counselor, helping people downtown who were on drugs. Defendant replied,
“Darlene and I are not on drugs. We don’t take drugs.” Defendant stated that he
would talk to Darlene when he got off work and he would call Burrill back. About
15 to 20 minutes later, defendant telephoned Burrill and said: “Darlene and I do
not know Lynda. Besides, I wasn’t even in town that night.” Burrill testified that
he had specifically told defendant the night he was concerned about was the
Friday before July 5, which was June 29.
On July 20, 1984, El Dorado County Sheriff’s Detective William White
interviewed defendant about Lynda. At the time, all Detective White knew was
that Lynda was missing under suspicious circumstances, and that defendant had
14
been seen with her on June 29. Detective White showed him a photograph of
Lynda and asked him if he knew her. Defendant said “that he may have seen her,
may have known her, but his girlfriend Darlene knew her better.” When asked if
he had been with Lynda on the night of June 29, defendant said that “he could
have but he didn’t recall, wasn’t sure.” When asked if he might have accompanied
Lynda to the downtown parking lot, defendant replied that “he may have seen her
at The Oz, or may have seen her at the Bell Tower, but he didn’t recall walking
with her to the parking lot.” Defendant then said he might have walked her to the
parking lot, but he was not sure.
Darlene testified that on one occasion at the downtown parking lot, Lynda
was on the phone and defendant told Darlene that “he knew her parents.” In
addition, in early November 1984, defendant told Linda Crespin that “[he] and
Darlene gave Lynda a ride from one corner to the next . . . close to where Lynda
lives, and then [defendant] went in and told Lynda’s mother that he did just that.”
But Lynda’s mother, Sharon Burrill, testified that she did not know defendant, had
never met defendant, and had never spoken to him in person or by telephone.
Lynette H. testified that she was friends with Lynda, and that she knew
defendant. Lynette H. stated she would often see him at the downtown parking
lot, The Oz, and the Bell Tower. In the spring of 1984, she observed Lynda and
defendant together “five or six times.” They would be walking together or talking,
and they were usually alone. They frequented the area between the downtown
parking lot and The Oz.
E. Disappearance of Debbie Galston
Debbie disappeared on August 8, 1984. On October 27, 1984, Thomas
Whisenhunt was deer hunting in the area of Baltic Ridge Road and North South
Road. About a quarter-mile from the intersection of North South Road and Baltic
15
Ridge Road and about 150 feet off the road, Whisenhunt found the remains of a
young girl. The body was about 10 feet from an oil spot and looked as if it had
been dragged. No other items were found at the location. Through dental records,
including X-rays, it was determined that the remains were those of Debbie. The
pathologist was unable to determine the cause of death because the decomposition
of the mummified remains destroyed all such evidence. The pathologist further
stated that she was unable to find trauma to any of the bones.
Brenda Hartman worked with defendant at the El Dorado Convalescent
Hospital. She believed that he was a judgmental person who would label young
women as “loose.” In the middle of July of 1984, defendant offered Hartman a
ride home after her car had broken down. On the way, defendant drove to the
foster home to pick up Darlene. Hartman stated that Debbie was sitting on an
open window sill and said, “Darlene, better watch out, Mike has a girl in the car,
and he’s going out on you again.” Darlene came outside and called Debbie a
“bitch.” Hartman testified that defendant told Darlene, “Well, you don’t have to
worry about her much longer.”
Joanna testified that several days before Debbie’s disappearance, while
inside the foster home, Darlene and Debbie were having an ongoing argument
about defendant. When the argument moved outside, Joanna followed Darlene
and Debbie because defendant was there. Joanna testified that defendant told
Debbie, “I’m going to get you.” Joanna further stated that after June 12, the date
Denise disappeared, Debbie became afraid of defendant. Whenever he was
around, she would leave. As Joanna explained, “Wherever he was at, we were not
there.”
Shawn Philpott also testified that Debbie was afraid of defendant. He
stated that he had been acquainted with Debbie and had struck up a friendship with
her in the weeks prior to her disappearance. On one occasion, while driving with
16
Debbie in his truck, they saw defendant driving towards them from the opposite
direction and Debbie “tucked down below the front dash” until defendant passed.
On a second occasion, Debbie was with Philpott in front of The Oz when
defendant approached in an automobile and Debbie, said Philpott, “pushed me in
front of her and then she proceeded to walk behind the rest of the crowd of
people.” On a third occasion, by the Bell Tower, defendant approached in his car
and Debbie, said Philpott, “tucked behind me.”
On August 8, 1984, while at a birthday party for Larry Vorce at Benham
Park that Debbie attended, Michael Nuss saw defendant’s car drive by the park.
The driver “drove by real slow looking through the park.” All Nuss could see was
that the window was down, the driver was a male with short hair and the car was
traveling “five miles an hour, or slower.” No one else was in the car. Nuss
thought the time was about 8:00 or 8:30 p.m. Nuss had seen defendant’s car
earlier in the day at the AM-PM Mini-Market, when they were getting ready for
the party.
About 8:30 p.m., Debbie mentioned to Vorce that she had to leave the party
as she had to be back at the foster home by 9:00 p.m. Debbie asked Keith B.,
Katrina M., and a third person, identified only as Logan, to walk “her some of the
way.” The three walked with her for a short distance and returned.
Darlene testified that on August 8, she and defendant spent the early
evening drinking with defendant’s mother and his mother’s boyfriend at the
mother’s trailer on Big Cut Road. Upon leaving, they drove to Benham Park
where Darlene used the restroom. They stayed at the park for about 15 minutes.
Darlene saw Debbie at the park drinking with other people. Defendant then took
Darlene home. Darlene testified that during that evening, defendant pulled a knife
from his car’s sun visor, put it in his pants and told Darlene “he had to take care of
business.”
17
Barbara Rugg, who worked at Nona Chapman’s foster home, testified that
Darlene was the first foster child to arrive home that evening. Rugg believed that
Darlene returned between 7:45 and 8:00 p.m. Rugg testified that she recalled
thinking this was unusual, because Darlene usually did not return home until 11:00
p.m. or midnight.
That same day, August 8, Joanna and her boyfriend, Larry Wright, were
together. They returned to the foster home about 8:30 p.m. They wanted to talk to
Debbie, but she was not there. They waited until 9:00 p.m., Debbie’s curfew, and
then went out looking for her. They did not find her. Debbie did not return home.
On August 10, 1984, Joanna and Wright went on a picnic, intending to
drive to Anderson Ridge in Wright’s grandparents’ truck. They took Wright’s dog
with them. Wright stated the purpose of the picnic was to calm Joanna down and
get her away from town because Debbie was still missing, and Joanna was upset.
They eventually reached North South Road and the “bridge to nowhere.” Wright
insisted that Joanna did not give him any directions as to where to drive. At the
bridge, Joanna noticed a tennis shoe lying by the creek and pointed it out to
Wright. They also saw some clothing in a bush on a small island in the creek.
They found pants, a shirt, undergarments, another shoe and a sock. Joanna
recognized the clothes as belonging to Debbie and became hysterical; she began to
cry “and just became unglued.”
They gathered the clothes and put them in the back of the truck. On the
way to the sheriff’s office, they met Deputy Sheriff Paul Odlin at the Sly Park
Dam. They led Odlin back to the “bridge to nowhere,” and showed him where
they had found the clothing. Odlin noted that Joanna was shaky and nervous, with
tears in her eyes. She kept talking about “how it was Debbie’s clothes and [she]
was hoping [Odlin] would find her.”
18
F. Defendant’s Statements to Darlene
Darlene testified under a grant of immunity. She stated that a day or two
after Debbie disappeared, she was at the Exxon station in Placerville with
defendant, cleaning defendant’s car, when she discovered a unicorn keychain. She
recognized the keychain as Debbie’s. She stated that defendant asked her to “put
it back into Debbie’s belongings.” However, on two other occasions during her
testimony, she said the keychain belonged to Denise. Then she corrected herself
and said the keychain was Debbie’s and that she put the keychain into Debbie’s
drawer at the foster home.
Darlene claimed that at the Exxon station, defendant told her “[h]e had
strangled [Denise], stabbed her [and] had sexual intercourse with her.” She said
defendant told her “[h]e had strangled [Lynda], stabbed her and had sexual
intercourse with her.” She said defendant told her “[h]e strangled [Debbie],
stabbed her and had sexual intercourse with her.” She responded, “I don’t know”
when asked whether defendant had sexual relations before or after he killed the
girls. She said defendant was able to do this to the girls because he “handcuffed
their hands and tied their feet.” She was not asked, nor did she offer any further
details about the murders other than to say that defendant’s statements “kind of
upset [her] [a]n awful lot.”
On cross-examination, she stated that prior to testifying, she had spoken to
Ron Tepper, the trial prosecutor, and Sergeant Wilson each about 50 times. She
asserted that the only time defendant talked to her about the murders was that one
time at the Exxon station. She said defendant told her he stabbed Denise “in the
stomach.” Shortly thereafter, however, she changed her testimony and stated
defendant stabbed Denise “in the chest.” She reiterated that defendant told her he
tied Denise’s feet, but when confronted with the fact that Denise ran away, she
immediately said, “No, he didn’t have time to tie up her feet.” She insisted that
19
defendant told her both Denise and Lynda were killed near North South Road.
Both girls’ bodies, however, were found near Ferrari Mill Road.
Defendant married Darlene on September 15, 1984, but he ended the
relationship less than two months later, on November 7 or 8, 1984. Darlene
admitted that she and defendant were no longer together as of November 7, 1984,
and that defendant left her for another woman. On November 9, 1984, Joanna and
Darlene were together at the sheriff’s station. Sergeant Wilson and Joanna told
Darlene that Joanna witnessed Denise’s murder. Sergeant Wilson provided
Darlene with the details of Denise’s murder. Defendant was arrested for the
murders on November 10, 1984. Darlene admitted she first told police about the
Exxon conversation after her conversation with Joanna and about two weeks after
defendant was arrested.
G. Darlene’s Behavior After August 8, 1984
Immediately after Debbie’s disappearance and the conversation at the
Exxon station, Darlene began to act strangely. She also began to accuse defendant
of committing the murders. For example, Barbara Rugg, who was in charge of the
foster home during Nona Chapman’s vacation, testified that on August 11, 1984,
Darlene “started talking about guts and whatnot” and was acting “strange.”
Darlene, stated Rugg, had a knife and was “singing a chant.” Rugg called the
police at 4:00 a.m. on Sunday, August 12.
Placerville Police Officer Dannaker arrived. Darlene told him she thought
Denise and Debbie were dead. She added, “I have visions about them being
murdered. I see Denise being strangled and Debbie having her head bashed in.”
Officer Dannaker asked Darlene if defendant had anything to do with the
disappearance of Denise or Debbie. She replied, “I don’t know, he might have.”
When he asked her why, Darlene said, “I have these feelings. That’s all I know.”
20
Darlene “was afraid that if [defendant] found out she had been talking to the
Placerville Police about him that she might be hurt by him.”
On August 12, Darlene directed Officer Dannaker and other police officers
to North South Road by Camps Crossing. They were “going to search for graves.”
Darlene told Rugg before she went out to look for the bodies, “It’s all going to be
over with, Mike’s going to be arrested.” Darlene directed them to the Camp Creek
Bridge. Once there, however, Darlene stated she had no idea where any bodies
were buried. At that point, Officer Dannaker drove her back to the foster home.
Shirley W., Darlene’s mother, testified that when Debbie was missing, she
received several calls from her daughter, who was “very upset, crying.” She told
her mother, “Momma, I did not kill Debbie, Mike killed Debbie.” She would not
tell her mother how she knew the information.
Nona Chapman testified that when she returned to the foster home from her
vacation on August 13, Darlene was an “entirely different person.” For example,
Darlene was chopping a piece of binder paper with scissors. After Chapman told
her to put down the scissors, Darlene took out her knife and jabbed another piece
of paper. When Chapman asked her to put the knife down, Darlene said, “What’s
the matter, are you afraid I’ll stab you?” On August 14, because Darlene was
acting so strangely, she was taken from the foster home and spent 48 hours in a
psychiatric facility.
H. Defendant’s August 12 Encounter with Police
On August 12, 1984, Officer Dannaker located defendant asleep in his car.
He observed a gun handle protruding from under the driver’s seat and recovered
from the vehicle a fully loaded .357-caliber Smith and Wesson revolver, a small,
fully loaded Ruger 10/22 rifle, and a .380 Armi Tanfoglio semiautomatic pistol
21
and matching ammunition. Handcuffs were also located in the rear floorboard
area. A knife and scabbard were found in the trunk.
That same day, Placerville Police Sergeant William Scholtz took a tape-
recorded statement from defendant. The tape was transcribed and most parts were
read verbatim to the jury. Sergeant Scholtz told defendant he wanted to talk about
the disappearance of Darlene’s roommate. Defendant stated: “I knew her. She
used to live with Darlene. Her name was Debbie. I don’t know her last name.”
Defendant was asked when he last saw Debbie. He replied: “Well, when I went to
pick up Darlene the other day — I don’t remember what day it was. If you ask
Darlene, she will tell you.” When asked if this was the day she disappeared,
defendant stated: “I didn’t even know she was missing until a couple of days ago
when she said — when Darlene said that the girl didn’t come home. I don’t have
anything to do with the girls there period.”
Later in the interview, defendant again was asked about his activities on
Wednesday, August 8. He stated, “Yeah, Darlene told me the girl was missing
that day. We went to my mother’s.” He claimed not to have seen Debbie at
Benham Park. Other than visiting his mother, defendant had no specific
recollection of Wednesday night, August 8, four days earlier. When asked if he
stayed at the park for a while, defendant stated: “We usually stay [at my mother’s]
until dark or just before dark.” “Then we go down just by Stancil’s Toyota for
maybe an hour unless I’m tired and take her home.” After finding out that
defendant usually slept in his car in one of two places, the officer asked: “Do you
recall what you did on Wednesday night?” Defendant replied, “I just told you.”
The officer said, “No, I mean after you dropped off Darlene.” Defendant said,
“Yes, I went to the church parking lot and went to sleep. I don’t remember that
night specifically — before I was sleeping more at the gym.”
22
Defendant also admitted that he was familiar with Sly Park and North
South Roads. He stated that he went camping there with Darlene “as often as we
can.” When asked if he knew the Sly Park area very well, defendant stated, “Well,
I know the lake and I know the campground I’ve camped at.” The officer asked,
“What about other than Sly Park?” Defendant replied, "North South Road . . . .
There’s a place called Camp Creek which I don’t know is how many miles out but
it was full so we came back and parked at the bridge where Darlene said that they
found the girl’s clothes.”
I. Other
Evidence
In early September 1984, Patricia Kelly worked at the front desk and was a
salesperson for Diamond Springs Racquet Fitness Center. Defendant was a
member and would be there “just about every single morning” when the club
opened. Kelly suspected her husband of seeing another woman who was only 18
years old and discussed her suspicions with defendant. She stated she was upset
because she was much older than the girl and the situation “really bothered her.”
Defendant replied, “Whores like that should be eliminated.”
Shirley W. testified that in late September 1984, Darlene and defendant
were visiting, and Darlene wanted to show her newspaper clippings about Debbie
and Denise. Shirley W. stated that she told Darlene that she did not want to read
the articles. Defendant then volunteered that they “were whores and tramps and
they should have been killed.”
Joe Crespin met defendant through cutting his hair at his barber shop. He
stated they were good friends. He would see defendant with some regularity and
they would talk. Crespin testified that on a Sunday in late August 1984, he and
defendant were driving south on North South Road by the Camp Creek Bridge,
and defendant, pointing to the left-hand side of the bridge, told Crespin that was
23
where Debbie’s clothes were found. (That was the side of the bridge underneath
which Debbie’s clothes were located.) Because it “kind of shocked [him] a little
bit,” Crespin asked defendant how he knew this information, and defendant
replied that Darlene told him.
In early November 1984, defendant spoke with Joe and Linda Crespin and
the subject of how the girls were killed came up. Defendant said, “If I had stabbed
the three girls would I be sitting here talking to you now?” It never occurred to
Linda Crespin to ask defendant how he knew the three girls had met their deaths
by stabbing. Joe Crespin also remembered the stabbing reference.
On November 21, 1984, Sergeant Wilson obtained a search warrant to
search defendant’s car, which had been impounded on the day of his arrest,
November 10. Inside the car, Sergeant Wilson found a hunting knife and sheath
“up in the passenger side sun visor,” and a Buck knife and sheath on the backseat.
He found a pair of handcuffs underneath the driver’s seat and some nylon rope and
rock pitons in the trunk area. There was no blood on either the knife or the sheath.
However, a blood expert testified that if a knife had been wiped clean before being
placed in the sheath, it would not be expected that blood would be found inside
the sheath.
It was stipulated that no human blood was found on Debbie’s or Lynda’s
clothing. No fingerprints of any of the victims were found in defendant’s car or on
items recovered as part of the investigation. No blood evidence linking defendant
to the victims was introduced during the trial. The jury visited the various
locations about which witnesses testified.
The black jacket found on April 30, 1985 with Denise’s clothes was
originally thought to be defendant’s. Testimony was elicited to that effect from
defendant’s mother, Joe Crespin, and Sergeant Wilson. However, during trial,
Bruce Nesthus positively identified the jacket as his, saying he lent it to Denise the
24
night she was murdered. This disclosure prompted Sergeant Wilson to insist that
Joanna take him to the location of Denise’s murder on June 22, 1985, while the
jury trial was in progress.
J. Joanna’s and Defendant’s Knowledge of Undisclosed Facts
Sergeant Wilson testified that in a homicide investigation, he did not
release to the public all the information in his possession “just in case someone
came forward to give information, [he] would use that piece of [withheld]
information and check their story.” To his knowledge, there was no specific
newspaper article that stated that the spot where Denise’s body was found was
reached by driving down Ferrari Mill Road to Four Corners and turning right.
The prosecutor brought in representatives from the relevant newspapers
(the Mountain Democrat, the Sacramento Bee, the El Dorado Gazette and Foothill
Times), radio stations (KAHI/KHYL), and television stations (channels 3, 10, 13,
31 and 40) to prove that the media had never disclosed (1) the precise location
where Debbie’s clothes were found; (2) the location where Denise’s remains were
found; or (3) that Denise was stabbed to death.
For example, an article in the Sacramento Bee, dated August 21, 1984,
stated, “Galton’s [sic: Galston’s] 14-year-old sister, Debbie, is missing and some
other clothing has been found in a forest at Camp Creek where the two girls’
bodies were found.” An article dated August 30, 1984 stated, “[Debbie’s] clothes
were found August 10th, at North South Road at Camp Creek about 10 miles west
of where the two dead girls were found.”
An October 30, 1984 article in the Sacramento Union stated: “The remains
of the three teenagers have been found since July 31st in a forest near Camp Creek
off North South Road east of Placerville. Skeletal remains found in the El Dorado
National Forest were identified Monday as those of 14-year-old Debbie Galston.”
25
The article continued: “Two days later, her roommate and her boyfriend found
Debbie’s folded clothing, underwear, shoes and socks by a Camp Creek bridge
while on a picnic, sheriff’s deputies said.”
One radio broadcast, airing August 4, 1984, stated only that Denise
Galston’s body was found “approximately one-half mile west of Ferrari Mill
Road.”
And an article in the Mountain Democrat, dated August 22, 1984, quoted
Lieutenant Howard Wilson as saying: “ ‘Whether the victims were strangled,
poisoned, stabbed . . . may never be known unless someone decides to talk about
it.’ ”
II. PENALTY PHASE
A. The Prosecution Case
The People put on no new evidence, relying solely on the circumstances of
the three murders of which defendant was found guilty.
B. The Defense Case
Lloyd Kelley supervised defendant’s forestry work for five months in 1978.
Defendant took charge of the crew and acted as the leader in Kelley’s absence.
Defendant was a “very, very dependable” worker, and Kelley would hire him
again. Defendant never used abusive language toward the female members of the
crew.
Godfried German supervised defendant on a youth forestry conservation
crew for three terms of 90 days each around 1975. Defendant was lead man for
the crew part of the time. He was trustworthy and dependable. German stated he
would hire defendant again.
Defendant worked for Marjorie Comer as a student aide in the library at El
Dorado High School in 1974 or 1975. Defendant’s picture was hung on the
26
library’s bulletin board as a “special kid” because of his good work. Comer stated
that she gave defendant an A-plus for his work, which is unusual for her.
Jean Stokes, defendant’s mother, stated that she did not live with or marry
his father. When defendant was about one year old, she married Forest Jayne.
From the time defendant was 14 months old until he left home at age 16,
defendant would often be disciplined and beaten by Jayne. Defendant was the
oldest of six children. When he was about six years old, he swallowed gasoline
and became ill. He shook all over. He was put in the hospital for a week.
Phenobarbital was administered to calm him. He was not taken off this
medication until he was about 10 years old.
Stokes suspected Jayne was molesting defendant. On one occasion, Jayne
and defendant, then age 14, were alone together in Carmel (at Jayne’s
home/office). Stokes said she drove to Carmel, and tried to enter the location but
the door was locked. When Jayne and defendant finally opened the door, she felt
“something very bad was going on.” When defendant was 12, the family had to
move because Jayne got three neighborhood boys drunk and molested one of
them.
Defendant, she said, took care of his younger siblings. He got them up for
school, helped fix their dinners and tried to keep his family together. Once, during
a snow storm, Jayne drove the family car off a cliff and the car rolled over four or
five times. Defendant rescued the baby and his mother, fearing the car would roll
over again. He ran two miles in the snow to get help for his mother, who had
broken her ribs. When she got home from the hospital, defendant helped and took
care of the children.
Defendant had been married and had three children. He helped deliver his
son. Stokes testified that this period occurred four or five years prior to the trial.
Defendant, at the time, was very happy. Then, while he was back east in the
27
Army, defendant learned from his grandfather that his wife had moved another
man into their home. Defendant was upset. He was able to get out of the Army to
address this situation. Defendant changed after he came home and his family was
broken up. He was “hurting very badly.” He would take long walks. He drank.
He was quiet. He seemed unable to “get it together,” and wanted to be alone.
This is when he began to judge and classify people.
On cross-examination, Stokes said that after divorcing Jayne, she remarried
and had a sixth child at age 40, when defendant was over 18. Defendant did not
like his new sister and thought she was a “brat.” When she was about two and a
half to three years old, the child fell into some water. Defendant, who had been
drinking, made no effort to save her and another person pulled her out of the
water.
Carolyn Jayne, defendant’s half sister, testified on his behalf. She
corroborated prior testimony that her father beat defendant and sexually abused
him, and that defendant was instrumental in raising the other children. She
corroborated prior testimony that they had to move one time because their father
had molested some young boys in the area.
Albert Globus, a psychiatrist, testified on defendant’s behalf. He first
examined defendant on December 12, 1984. He had read all the police and
sheriff’s reports about the case. He reviewed a neurological evaluation by Dr.
A.T. Vogt, a clinical psychologist; the medical records of defendant’s physician,
Dr. Talcott Bates; the records of two electroencephalograms conducted on
defendant in May 1963 and June 1962; the progress notes of Dr. Bates when
treating defendant for a seizure disorder; a telephone conversation with
defendant’s attorney about defendant’s biological father; psychological tests of
defendant performed on July 19, 1985, by Dr. Edwards, a psychologist; an
electroencephalographic report on defendant dated July 19, 1985; and a
28
psychological evaluation by Dr. William G. Danton. Dr. Globus diagnosed
defendant as having alcohol abuse in remission and organic brain syndrome,
which he described as “some damage or deficit in function of nerve cells of the
brain,” which he characterized, in defendant’s case, as mild.
It was stipulated that defendant had suffered no prior felony convictions.
C. Rebuttal
Joseph Chandler said that defendant was his foreman during the nine
months he worked for the Forestry Service in 1979 or 1980. Defendant generally
supervised nine people, including three women. Chandler stated that defendant
“enjoyed the power he had as foreman and really tended to push it around quite
heavily.” He would make work extremely hard for some of the people he didn’t
like and made it great for those that he did, preferably the women.” In the absence
of the women, he talked about specific body parts and told the men “what he
would like to do [to the women], and when he would offer to do that to them and
they would turn him down, and he joked around about it to us.” Most of the crew
found defendant’s behavior highly offensive.
Wayne Rice, like Chandler, worked under defendant for about nine months
in 1977 or 1978. With women, defendant “would mention sexual things he would
like to do to [the women members of the crew] and what he would like to have
them do to him.” Rice, who was 16 years old at the time, was so angered by
defendant’s words that he hit defendant with a tire iron in the presence of the other
crew members. Rice admitted that he had suffered a prior felony conviction.
29
III. DISCUSSION – GUILT PHASE
A. Prior Representation of Prosecution Witnesses by Defense Counsel
Defendant contends that he was deprived of effective assistance of counsel
due to conflicts of interest arising from his attorneys’ prior representation of four
prosecution witnesses. We disagree.
1. Factual
Background
Prior to the preliminary hearing, Defense Counsel Patrick Forester, an
assistant public defender, informed the court that a year earlier his office had
represented Darlene’s mother, Shirley W., who was then a prospective witness in a
separate case in which the state sought to have Darlene declared a ward of the
court on the basis of alleged sexual molestation by Gerald W., her stepfather.
John Sudman, a deputy public defender in the same office as Forester, appeared as
Shirley W.’s counsel at the detention, jurisdictional, dispositional, and review
hearings. The petition was found true on January 27, 1984, and Darlene was made
a ward of the court. On October 2, 1984, the public defender’s office ceased its
representation of Shirley W.
In light of this information, the trial court appointed John Olson as counsel
for Shirley W. in order to advise her of her attorney-client privileges arising from
that earlier representation. After consulting with Olson, Shirley W. agreed in open
court to waive any privileges she may have had, and agreed that she could be
cross-examined as to any discussions she had with Sudman.
On March 1, 1985, Forester declared a conflict of interest in a case
involving James Carter, a potential prosecution witness. Forester never
represented Carter. Attorney Stephen Tapson was appointed to represent Carter.
On March 6, Tapson was replaced by another attorney, in anticipation of his
appointment in the Cox case as second attorney. On March 7, Tapson was
30
appointed as second attorney in the Cox case. Tapson represented that “at no
time” had he talked to Carter. Forester informed the court that he explained the
situation to defendant. Defendant then indicated to the court that despite this
“possible conflict of interest,” he still wanted Tapson appointed. Defendant
specifically agreed to waive any possible conflict of interest.
Another potential witness, Darin McArthur, had previously been
represented by Tapson’s firm. Tapson informed all parties that he had had no
contact with McArthur. Defendant again agreed to waive any possible conflict of
interest arising from that case. Forester indicated for the record that he fully
discussed this situation with defendant, including the nature of the cases in which
witnesses Carter and McArthur were involved, and defendant still wanted Tapson
appointed. Defendant confirmed this statement to the court.
During trial, Lisa D. was called as a prosecution witness. Tapson indicated
that the witness had previously been represented in juvenile court by another
member of his firm. Tapson also indicated that his firm did not currently represent
Lisa D. Tapson told the court that he was unsure if these facts constituted a
conflict of interest. Forester indicated the defense would seek to impeach Lisa D.
with her juvenile grand theft “conviction.” The prosecutor thereafter agreed to
raise this issue on direct examination. The court ruled there was no conflict of
interest. Defendant never objected to his continued representation by counsel in
light of any of these alleged conflicts of interest.
2. Legal
Principles
The right to effective assistance of counsel, secured by the Sixth
Amendment to the federal Constitution, and article I, section 15 of the California
Constitution, includes the right to representation that is free from conflicts of
interest. (People v. Bonin (1989) 47 Cal.3d 808, 833 (Bonin).) To establish a
31
federal constitutional violation, a defendant who fails to object at trial “must
establish that an actual conflict of interest adversely affected his lawyer’s
performance.” (Cuyler v. Sullivan (1980) 446 U.S. 335, 350 (Sullivan).) The
Sullivan court made clear “that the possibility of conflict is insufficient to impugn
a criminal conviction.” (Ibid.)
“To show a violation of the corresponding right under our state
Constitution, a defendant need only demonstrate a potential conflict, so long as the
record supports an ‘informed speculation’ that the asserted conflict adversely
affected counsel’s performance. [Citations].” (People v. Frye (1998) 18 Cal.4th
894, 998.) “But ‘[p]ermissible speculation giving rise to a conflict of interest may
be deemed an informed speculation . . . only when such is grounded on a factual
basis that can be found in the record.’ ” (People v. Belmontes (1988) 45 Cal.3d
744, 776 (Belmontes), quoting People v. Cook (1975) 13 Cal.3d 663, 670-671.)
To determine whether counsel’s performance was “adversely affected,” we
have suggested that Sullivan requires an inquiry into whether counsel “pulled his
punches,” i.e., whether counsel failed to represent defendant as vigorously as he
might have, had there been no conflict. (People v. Easley (1988) 46 Cal.3d 712,
725.) In undertaking such an inquiry, we are, as stated, bound by the record. But
where a conflict of interest causes an attorney not to do something, the record may
not reflect such an omission. We must therefore examine the record to determine
(i) whether arguments or actions omitted would likely have been made by counsel
who did not have a conflict of interest, and (ii) whether there may have been a
tactical reason (other than the asserted conflict of interest) that might have caused
any such omission. (Id. at p. 727.) In any event, a defendant may properly waive
his right to the assistance of an attorney unhindered by a conflict of interest.
(Holloway v. Arkansas (1978) 435 U.S. 475, 483, fn. 5; Bonin, supra, 47 Cal.3d at
p. 837.)
32
3. Discussion
This is not a case in which defense counsel has undertaken multiple
representation of defendants with competing interests. (See, e.g., Holloway v.
Arkansas, supra, 435 U.S. 475.) Nor is it a case in which a former client was
called as a witness, and was alleged to have “masterminded” the crime in which
the current client was presently on trial. (Leversen v. Superior Court (1983) 34
Cal.3d 530.) Instead, this is a case where three of four witnesses were previously
represented by other attorneys in counsel’s firm in matters that were unrelated to
the current trial, and where counsel was appointed to represent the fourth witness,
but never spoke to the witness before being replaced. (See, e.g., Belmontes, supra,
45 Cal.3d at p. 776.)
A conflict may arise if a former client is a witness in a new case because the
attorney is forbidden to use against a former client any confidential information
acquired during that attorney-client relationship. (Bonin, supra, 47 Cal.3d at
p. 835; Leversen v. Superior Court, supra, 34 Cal.3d at p. 538.)
But if the attorney possesses no such confidential information, courts have
routinely held that no actual or potential conflict of interest exists. For example, in
People v. Lawley (2002) 27 Cal.4th 102, 145-146, we upheld the trial court’s
ruling that no conflict existed, given that advisory counsel possessed no
confidential information stemming from his prior representation of a prosecution
witness in several factually unrelated cases. Similarly, in People v. Clark (1993) 5
Cal.4th 950, 1001-1002 (Clark), we held that no actual or potential conflict existed
where the public defender possessed no confidential information stemming from
his prior representation of three prosecution witnesses.
In Belmontes, supra, 45 Cal.3d at pages 774-777, we held that the record
did not establish that counsel had an actual or potential conflict of interest
stemming from his firm’s prior representation of the codefendant, because the
33
attorney possessed no confidential information stemming from that earlier
representation. (See also Vangsness v. Superior Court (1984) 159 Cal.App.3d
1087, 1089-1092 [same].)
In the present matter, defendant has made no showing that an actual or
potential conflict existed that adversely affected counsel’s performance. Instead,
defendant makes only the conclusory assertion that defense counsel could not
effectively cross-examine witnesses Lisa D., McArthur, and Carter as to the
“circumstances of the charges upon which counsel formerly represented them.”
Defendant makes no claim that defense counsel could not effectively cross-
examine these witnesses as to their testimony in the current case, nor does he
assert that defense counsel even possessed confidential information acquired
during the former representation. Defendant’s assertion falls far short of an
informed speculation grounded in a factual basis that can be found in the record.
(Belmontes, supra, 45 Cal.3d at p. 776.)
For example, Lisa D. testified that while she was with Lynda and two other
girls, defendant asked them: “Hey sluts, does your mama know where you are?”
She also stated she saw defendant and Lynda together in the downtown parking
lot. Forester, not Tapson, vigorously cross-examined Lisa D. This last fact is
relevant because any alleged conflict as to Lisa D. arose from her relationship with
Tapson, not Forester. We have held that it is appropriate for a cocounsel who has
no conflict with a witness to conduct cross-examination. (See, e.g., Clark, supra,
5 Cal.4th at p. 1002 [no conflict where cocounsel, who had not represented
witness, conducted cross-examination].) We hold that no actual or potential
conflict existed as to witness Lisa. D.
James Carter testified that he saw Denise the night she disappeared and that
the last person he saw her with was not defendant. Darin McArthur testified that
he saw defendant and Lynda together the night she disappeared. Nothing in the
34
record suggests, nor has defendant alleged, that Forester possessed confidential
information stemming from the public defender’s prior representation of Carter.
Tapson stated he had never met Carter and represented to the court that he
possessed no confidential information. Tapson also stated that he had no
confidential information regarding McArthur stemming from his firm’s prior
representation of him. Based on this record, we hold that no actual or potential
conflict of interest existed as to witnesses Carter and McArthur.
Finally, as to Shirley W., after consultation with an independent lawyer, she
waived, in open court, any attorney-client privilege she possessed and agreed she
could be cross-examined as to any discussions she had with the public defender’s
office. As defendant’s counsel were not forbidden from using any confidential
communications against Shirley W., there was no actual or potential conflict of
interest.
B. The Prosecutor’s Reference to a Polygraph Examination
1. Factual
Background
During the testimony of Joanna, the sole eyewitness to the murder of
Denise, the prosecutor asked on direct examination, “Did someone come along
from the District Attorney’s Office and talk to you, a man that gave you a
polygraph?” Joanna replied, “Yes, sir.” The prosecutor then asked, “Did you tell
him what had happened . . . .” The prosecutor was interrupted and Forester asked
for a bench conference. He vigorously objected. The jury was excused and the
matter was heard.
The prosecutor informed the court that Joanna had been untruthful during
this polygraph examination. The judge nonetheless chastised the prosecutor:
“[T]he evil of the question when you ask if she met with someone who gave her a
polygraph examination, because of your position, it would seem to me a logical
35
inference for the jury to conclude is that the District Attorney had a polygraph
given to this lady, he’s an honorable man, and she didn’t pass it, so he wouldn’t be
here seeking her testimony in the court. I see it as error on your part to have asked
the question.” The defense declined the prosecutor’s offer to stipulate that Joanna
was untruthful. The court restated that the question itself was “clear error” and
gave the defense the weekend to decide if it wanted to request a mistrial. In the
interim, the court ruled that Joanna’s testimony would continue, and the answer
would be struck. The court gave the jury the following admonition: “Ladies and
gentlemen of the jury, a question was put to you shortly before the recess that was
to the effect as to whether or not the witness recalled talking to a polygraph
operator. That question is struck. You are cautioned to disregard it. You are to
treat it as though you never heard it.”
Thereafter, the prosecutor asked Joanna if she recalled talking to a Gene or
Raymond Hawkins from the district attorney’s office. When she replied yes, the
prosecutor elicited that she was untruthful to him and, later, to other members of
law enforcement. Joanna testified that she told the truth only after her last
counseling session with Dr. Dougherty on November 7, 1984. Defendant’s
subsequent motion for a mistrial was denied.
2. Applicable
Law
Evidence Code section 351.1, subdivision (a) prohibits “any reference to an
offer to take, the failure to take, or the taking of a polygraph examination,” unless
all parties stipulate to the admission of such results. Defendant claims (1) that the
prosecutor committed gross misconduct by asking the polygraph question and the
court should have granted the mistrial because the court’s admonition did not cure
the prejudicial impact of the question; and (2) the mere asking of the question
denied him the right to effectively cross-examine Joanna.
36
Defendant’s first claim is fairly broken down into two parts: (a) that the
prosecutor committed misconduct by informing the jury that Joanna took a
polygraph test and such misconduct prejudiced defendant; and (b) that the trial
court should have granted the motion for a mistrial because of the prejudicial
impact of the prosecutor’s question.
a. Alleged
Prosecutorial
Misconduct
“It is, of course, misconduct for a prosecutor to ‘intentionally elicit
inadmissible testimony.’ [Citations.]” (People v. Bonin (1988) 46 Cal.3d 659,
689.) To preserve such a claim, the defendant must generally object and request
the court to admonish the jury to disregard the misconduct. “The reason for this
rule, of course, is that ‘the trial court should be given an opportunity to correct this
abuse and thus, if possible, prevent by suitable instructions the harmful effect upon
the minds of the jury.’ [Citations.]” (People v. Green (1980) 27 Cal.3d 1, 27
(Green).) “ ‘What is crucial to a claim of prosecutorial misconduct is not the good
faith vel non of the prosecutor, but the potential injury to the defendant.’
[Citation.]” (People v. Williams (1997) 16 Cal.4th 153, 252-253 (Williams).)
Defendant’s prosecutorial misconduct contentions must fail. Here, it
cannot be said that the prosecutor’s asking of a single question in violation of
Evidence Code section 351.1 constituted a pattern of conduct so egregious that it
rendered the trial fundamentally unfair in denial of defendant’s federal
constitutional right to due process of law. (People v. Samayoa (1997) 15 Cal.4th
795, 841.) Moreover, even assuming the prosecutor’s action amounted to
misconduct under state law, no prejudice appears. In response to defendant’s
objection, and before Joanna could respond, the trial court immediately struck the
prosecutor’s question and forcefully told the jurors to disregard it. (See People v.
Rich (1988) 45 Cal.3d 1036, 1093 [concluding that a timely objection to a
37
question pertaining to polygraph examinations of witnesses other than the
defendant would have cured any error].) Additionally, the conduct at issue was an
isolated instance in an otherwise well-conducted month-long trial in which 90
witnesses testified. (See People v. Smithey (1999) 20 Cal.4th 936, 961 [no
prejudice resulting from isolated instance of a prosecutor’s attempt to elicit
inadmissible opinion from an expert witness].) No basis for reversal appears.
b. Mistrial
We review the denial of a motion for mistrial under the deferential abuse of
discretion standard. (People v. Cunningham (2001) 25 Cal.4th 926, 984; People v.
Price (1991) 1 Cal.4th 324, 428 (Price).) “A motion for mistrial is directed to the
sound discretion of the trial court. We have explained that ‘[a] mistrial should be
granted if the court is apprised of prejudice that it judges incurable by admonition
or instruction. [Citation.] Whether a particular incident is incurably prejudicial is
by its nature a speculative matter, and the trial court is vested with considerable
discretion in ruling on mistrial motions.’ ” (People v. Jenkins (2000) 22 Cal.4th
900, 985-986, quoting People v. Haskett (1982) 30 Cal.3d 841, 854 (Haskett).)
In the context of erroneously offered polygraph evidence, we have held that
a trial court’s timely admonition, which the jury is presumed to have followed,
cures prejudice resulting from the admission of such evidence. For example, in
Price, a prosecution witness admitted, on cross-examination, having taken lie
detector tests. Defense counsel moved for a mistrial because the information gave
the witness “a false aura of credibility.” We disagreed: “The mention of
polygraphs in [the witness’s] testimony was brief and nonresponsive. He did not
state what questions he was asked or what the examiner concluded about his
truthfulness. The admonition the court gave was thorough and forceful; it was
sufficient to prevent any prejudice to defendant.” (Price, supra, 1 Cal.4th at
38
p. 428.) We reached the same conclusion, under very similar facts, in People v.
Morris (1991) 53 Cal.3d 152, 193-194. (See also People v. Carpenter (1979) 99
Cal.App.3d 527, 532-533 [prosecutor’s single remark, in his opening statement,
that a “polygraph operator” was called in was cured by defense counsel’s prompt
objection and the trial court’s strong admonition to the jury].) We therefore
conclude that the trial court acted well within its discretion in denying defendant’s
mistrial motion.
No case cited by defendant compels a contrary result. For example, in
People v. Basuta (2001) 94 Cal.App.4th 370 (Basuta), the prosecutor, in trying to
rehabilitate the lone witness and bolster her credibility, violated a preexisting court
order not to mention that the witness had taken a polygraph test. The court held
that this error, in combination with another, more serious error by the trial court
(excluding evidence that the baby’s mother was physically violent to the baby,
which might have been the proximate cause of the baby’s death) was prejudicial.
(Id. at pp. 390-391.)
In People v. Schiers (1971) 19 Cal.App.3d 102, 108-114 (Schiers), the
court reversed the judgment of conviction where there was extensive testimony
that the defendant had failed a polygraph exam. The admonition to the jury to
disregard this testimony was not given promptly, but hours later. In People v.
Andrews (1970) 14 Cal.App.3d 40 (Andrews), the key prosecution witness (and
former codefendant), when asked by the court whether he had taken a lie detector
test and whether charges against him were dismissed thereafter, replied in the
affirmative. (Id. at pp. 44-45.) The Court of Appeal reversed the resulting
judgment of conviction, as the court’s question was tantamount to receiving the
results of a lie detector test into evidence. (Id. at p. 45.)
These three cases are inapposite to the facts here. There was no combined
error here (see Basuta, supra, 94 Cal.App.4th 370), there was no receipt into
39
evidence of defendant’s failure to take a polygraph examination (see Schiers,
supra, 19 Cal.App.3d 102), nor was there the court’s admission of the results of a
lie detector test taken by a former codefendant (see Andrews, supra, 14
Cal.App.3d 40). As noted, there was one improper question that was immediately
struck, and the jury was given a strong admonition. The trial court properly
denied defendant’s motion for a mistrial.
c. Right to Effective Cross-examination
Defendant conclusorily alleges that he was denied the right to cross-
examine Joanna as a result of the prosecutor’s reference to the polygraph
examination. However, defendant does not explain how, where, or when this
alleged deprivation took place. While this claim may stem from defense counsel
Forester’s statement, outside the jury’s presence at the mistrial hearing, that the
polygraph reference prevented him from asking questions about Joanna’s being a
witness to Denise’s killing and finding Debbie’s clothes on August 10, 1984,
Forester assured the court “that at the time [I] come to that particular [point] in
cross-examination, [I will] put in the record that I am not asking these questions
for that reason.” However, Forester made no such representation during cross-
examination. As the issue was not preserved for appeal, it is deemed to have been
forfeited. (People v. Poggi (1988) 45 Cal.3d 306, 331.)
Regardless, a careful review of the record reveals that counsel was not
precluded from pursuing these areas in his cross-examination of Joanna. Nor was
counsel prevented from asking Larry Wright about his and Joanna’s discovery of
Debbie’s clothes. In short, this claim is without merit.
C. Gun Evidence
Defendant claims that the introduction into evidence of the three guns
found during the search of his car on August 12, 1984 was prejudicial error as they
40
“were never shown to have any connection with the commission of the offenses.”
While we agree that admission of the guns might have been improper if offered as
“other crime” evidence, under the facts of this case, the guns were sufficiently
connected to the crimes; thus, their admission into evidence was proper.
Darlene testified that she and defendant often went camping, and that while
camping, defendant would shoot his gun. Darlene stated defendant had handcuffs
and guns in his car, and kept a knife over the sun visor. When the prosecutor
asked “how many guns,” the defense objected on relevance grounds, and argued
that because Darlene’s testimony would be that defendant stabbed the girls, there
was no evidence showing that guns were used. The court sustained the objection
on Evidence Code section 352 grounds.4
At the prosecutor’s request, the court later revisited this ruling. The
prosecutor offered two theories of admissibility. First, given that the cause of
death of the three victims could not be determined, it was reasonably possible that
a firearm was the cause of death. Second, given that there was evidence that
Debbie was afraid of defendant, the guns might have been used to coerce her into
his car. Defense counsel argued that the guns were being introduced to show that
defendant was a bad person. The court reversed its earlier ruling, reasoning that
because the cause of death was not known, the prosecution “should be allowed to
show that defendant had instruments that would allow him to overpower and cause
the death of these young girls.”
4
Evidence Code section 352 provides that “[t]he court in its discretion may
exclude evidence if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the
probability that its admission will (a) necessitate undue consumption of time or (b)
create substantial danger of undue prejudice, of confusing issues, or of misleading
the jury.”
41
An appellate court applies the abuse of discretion standard to review any
ruling by a trial court on the admissibility of the evidence, including a ruling on an
Evidence Code section 352 objection. (People v. Waidla (2000) 22 Cal.4th 690,
724.) The trial court’s ruling was correct.
In People v. Riser (1956) 47 Cal.2d 566, the defendant murdered two
people during a robbery. The killing was committed with a Smith and Wesson
.38 Special revolver. The gun was never recovered. (Id. at p. 573.) Riser was
found with three holsters, one of which could hold a .38 Smith and Wesson
Special revolver. Riser also possessed a Colt .38 revolver, which could not have
been the murder weapon. (Id. at p. 577.) We stated the rule of admissibility as
follows: “When the specific type of weapon used to commit a homicide is not
known, it may be permissible to admit into evidence weapons found in the
defendant’s possession some time after the crime that could have been the
weapons employed. There need be no conclusive demonstration that the weapon
in defendant’s possession was the murder weapon. [Citations.] When the
prosecution relies, however, on a specific type of weapon, it is error to admit
evidence that other weapons were found in his possession, for such evidence tends
to show, not that he committed the crime, but only that he is the sort of person
who carries deadly weapons. [Citations.]” (Ibid.) Because the murder weapon
was known, we ruled that the admission of the Colt .38 revolver was error, but
such error was not prejudicial. (Ibid.)
Here, it is not known how the three victims were killed. Although the
prosecutor argued that the evidence pointed to a stabbing, such argument did not
preclude the reasonable possibility that one or all three of the victims had been
shot. (See, e.g., People v. Manson (1976) 61 Cal.App.3d 102, 207 [“The trier of
fact is not limited to any hierarchy of theories selected by the prosecution”].)
42
Moreover, given Lynda’s statement to Sher when she walked off with
defendant, that “she would be right back,” and given the evidence of Debbie’s fear
of defendant and that she presumably was alone when she entered defendant’s car,
it is also reasonable to infer that defendant, who had unfettered access to three
weapons, may have used the same to get Lynda and Debbie into his car and keep
them in his car during the drive to the location of their murder.
In People v. Carpenter (1999) 21 Cal.4th 1016, 1052, we held it was proper
for a witness to testify that the defendant told her he kept a gun in his van.
“Although the witness did not establish the gun was necessarily the murder
weapon, it might have been. . . . The evidence was thus relevant and admissible as
circumstantial evidence that he committed the charged offenses.” (Ibid.)
We have also held that when weapons are otherwise relevant to the crime’s
commission, but are not the actual murder weapon, they may still be admissible.
(People v. Neely (1993) 6 Cal.4th 877, 896; People v. Lane (1961) 56 Cal.2d 773,
784.) Thus, in Neely we admitted evidence of a rifle located in the defendant’s
truck parked near the crime scene even though the rifle was not the murder
weapon, as it was “not irrelevant” to the charged offenses. (Neely, supra, 6
Cal.4th at p. 896.) In Lane, we upheld the admission of guns found in an
“abandoned truck miles from the scene of the homicide,” not as relevant to the
homicide per se, but as weapons “of a character which could be used in armed
robbery . . . in furtherance of the criminal plan.” (Lane, supra, 56 Cal.2d at
p. 785.)
Here, the guns were relevant either as possible murder weapons, or as
weapons that could have been used to coerce the victims into defendant’s car or
otherwise subdue them, “in furtherance of the criminal plan” to kill them. There
was no error in admitting the guns in evidence.
43
D. Evidence of Fear of Defendant
1. Debbie
Joanna testified on direct examination that several days before Debbie’s
disappearance, Darlene and Debbie had an argument about defendant and
defendant said to Debbie, “I’m going to get you.” Joanna also testified that in the
month after Denise died, Debbie appeared to be afraid of defendant. Defendant
did not object to this testimony. Shawn Philpott testified regarding three instances
in which Debbie hid from defendant. In the defense case, however, testimony was
elicited that Joanna and Larry Wright told Sergeant Scholtz that Debbie “would
get into a car with a stranger.”
Defendant contends that it was prejudicial error to admit Philpott’s
testimony that Debbie hid from defendant because the evidence was not material
to any disputed issue in the case and was thus irrelevant. The prosecutor’s theory
of admissibility was that, because Debbie’s fear of defendant would prevent her
from voluntarily getting into his car, it was a permissible inference that he used a
weapon, such as a gun, to get Debbie into his car. The evidence was properly
admitted.
Circumstantial evidence showing that the victim feared the defendant may
be admissible if the acts or conduct of the victim prior to the crime are at issue.
(People v. Lew (1968) 68 Cal.2d 774, 779; People v. Armendariz (1984) 37 Cal.3d
573, 586 [evidence that the victim feared the defendant is admissible “when the
victim’s conduct in conformity with that fear is in dispute”]; cf. People v. Ruiz
(1988) 44 Cal.3d 589, 608 [victims’ expressions of fear of the defendant were
inadmissible where “neither the states of mind of these victims prior to their
deaths . . . nor their acts or conduct . . . were an issue in the case which might have
been resolved or assisted by the challenged evidence”].)
44
In the present case, the prosecutor’s theory was that defendant drove
Debbie to the murder scene in his vehicle. The circumstances surrounding
Debbie’s entry into defendant’s car — whether she would enter the car voluntarily
or whether defendant may have overcome any resistance by force — were at issue.
In People v. Sakaris (2000) 22 Cal.4th 596, 628-629, we stated that evidence that
the murder victim feared the defendant was admissible to show that she would not
have voluntarily given him any of her personal property and thus it could be
inferred the property was obtained by force. Here, evidence that Debbie had acted
as though she feared defendant was admissible to show that she would not have
voluntarily entered defendant’s car and thus he may have forced her into his
vehicle the night she disappeared.
Even assuming Philpott’s testimony was admitted in error, such error
would be harmless. Joanna had previously testified, without objection, that
Debbie was afraid of defendant. As we stated in Green, supra, 27 Cal.3d at
page 27, where evidence of fear is admitted in error but “is cumulative of other
properly admitted evidence to the same effect,” such error is not prejudicial. It is
not reasonably probable that a result more favorable to defendant would have
occurred in the absence of Philpott’s testimony. (People v. Watson (1956) 46
Cal.2d 818, 836.)
2. Darlene
On cross-examination, defendant elicited the fact that two significant events
preceded Darlene’s November 1984 revelation that defendant had confessed to her
at the Exxon station: (1) Darlene spoke to Joanna at the sheriff’s station about
Joanna’s witnessing Denise’s murder; and (2) defendant left Darlene in November
1984, less than two months after they were married. In this manner, defendant
attempted to show that Darlene fabricated the confession.
45
The prosecutor then stated that, pursuant to the “state of mind” exception
(Evid. Code, § 1250, subd. (a)),5 he wanted to present evidence that on August 12,
1984, Darlene told Officer Dannaker she was afraid that defendant would hurt her
if he knew she talked to the police, as well as testimony from Barbara Rugg that
on August 12, 1984, Darlene told her “a couple of times” that “she was afraid
[defendant] would find out about her talking to the police.” The prosecutor’s
theory was that such evidence of fear would explain why Darlene waited so long
to come forward, and would rebut the defense claim of recent fabrication.
Evidence Code section 1250, subdivision (a)(1) provides that if the
declarant’s state of mind “is itself an issue,” evidence of a statement of declarant’s
then existing state of mind or emotion is admissible. “Typical statements
considered of a state of mind include belief and knowledge.” (1 Jefferson, Cal.
Evid. Benchbook (Cont.Ed.Bar 3d ed. 2002) § 14.7, p. 212.) Here, defendant’s
claim that Darlene fabricated defendant’s confession at the Exxon station squarely
put Darlene’s state of mind in issue. Because her fear of defendant on August 12
tended logically to provide a legitimate reason for her withholding this confession,
the statements were admissible.
Defendant claims that the court abused its discretion under Evidence Code
section 352 in admitting the prejudicial evidence that Darlene feared defendant.
5
Evidence Code section 1250, subdivision (a) provides, in pertinent part,
that “evidence of a statement of the declarant’s then existing state of mind,
emotion, or physical sensation (including a statement of intent, plan, motive,
design, mental feeling, pain, or bodily health) is not made inadmissible by the
hearsay rule when: [¶] (1) The evidence is offered to prove the declarant’s state of
mind, emotion or physical sensation at that time or any other time when it is itself
an issue in the action; or [¶] (2) The evidence is offered to prove or explain acts of
the declarant. [¶] (b) This section does not make admissible evidence of a
statement of memory or belief to prove the fact remembered or believed.”
46
Evidence Code section 352 rulings are reviewed under the abuse of discretion
standard. (People v. Alvarez (1996) 14 Cal.4th 155, 214-215.) The court did not
abuse its discretion as the evidence of fear was properly admitted under Evidence
Code section 1250 and its probative value was not substantially outweighed by the
probability of undue prejudice.
E. Prosecutorial Misconduct
Sergeant Wilson told the jury that Joanna was placed in protective custody
after she directed police to the location where Denise was killed. The court
requested a sidebar conference. At sidebar, the court stated that, although there
was no objection, he thought the reference to protective custody was prejudicial
because the jury could infer that Joanna was placed in protective custody for fear
that she would be harmed. The prosecutor told the court she was placed in
protective custody “to keep her from abusing herself” and offered to cure any
potential misconception. The court suggested that the prosecutor talk to the
witness, and a brief recess was taken. When testimony resumed, the prosecutor
asked Sergeant Wilson if he was “fearful if you weren’t able to put [Joanna] where
you had a string, so to speak, of bringing her back and forth that she might abuse
herself?” After Sergeant Wilson replied yes, the prosecutor asked, “And that’s the
predominant reason why you effected that arrangement?” Defendant objected and
another sidebar conference was held. The court agreed with defendant’s objection
to the word “predominant,” and the answer was struck. When testimony resumed,
the prosecutor asked Sergeant Wilson, “[W]as that the reason she was placed in
that kind of situation?” Sergeant Wilson replied, “[T]hat was one of the reasons.”
Defendant again objected. At sidebar, the court explained that it was concerned
about “the unstated implication that [Joanna] was placed in protective custody
because of the fear that [d]efendant might do some harm to her.” When testimony
47
resumed, Sergeant Wilson stated that the “other reason” Joanna was in protective
custody was that she was “possibly a witness to a homicide.” Contrary to
defendant’s assertions, nothing in the record suggests that the prosecutor
intentionally elicited the term “protective custody” to show that Joanna could be
harmed by defendant. Instead, this “unstated implication” was a product of the
court’s speculation. Simply stated, defendant was arrested three days after Joanna
was put in “protective custody.” There was no evidence admitted showing that,
during this three-day period, defendant knew Joanna had returned to Placerville
one week earlier, or that she had spoken to police. The jury heard only that Joanna
was an alcoholic and that the police were afraid that, as a potential witness, she
might run away. “When [a prosecutorial misconduct] claim focuses on comments
made by the prosecutor before the jury, a court must determine at the threshold
how the remarks would, or could, have been understood by a reasonable juror.
[Citations.] If the remarks would have been taken by a juror to state or imply
nothing harmful, they obviously cannot be deemed objectionable.” (People v.
Benson (1990) 52 Cal.3d 754, 793.) There was no prosecutorial misconduct based
on these facts.
F. Motion for Mistrial
Joanna claimed that earlier in the evening of Denise’s murder, she saw
defendant in his car and he told her he wanted to speak to her. Joanna entered his
vehicle. They drove to the city park and stayed in the automobile. The prosecutor
asked Joanna if she could relate the substance of their conversation without
repeating the specific words. Defendant objected and requested a sidebar
conference. Defense counsel wanted to ensure that the specific words of
defendant and Joanna’s conversation, which were sexual in nature, would not be
put before the jury. The prosecutor agreed that there was no need to elicit
48
“vulgarisms.” When testimony resumed, the prosecutor asked Joanna, “without
using the exact words,” if she could “kind of put into a category” what defendant
said to her. Joanna replied that defendant “suggested having anal sex with me.”
Defendant objected. The prosecutor explained, at sidebar, that Joanna related to
him that defendant actually told her “he wanted to fuck her in the ass” and he
instead expected to elicit from Joanna that defendant “made a sexual overture.”
The court struck the question and answer and admonished the jurors to disregard it
as though they had never heard it.
Defendant claims that Joanna’s explicit reference to “anal sex” was so
prejudicial that the trial court erred in denying defendant’s motion for a mistrial.
We disagree.
As noted, the court immediately struck the question and answer and
admonished the jury to disregard it as though they never heard it. Recognizing
that the evidence was excluded as more prejudicial than probative (Evid. Code,
§ 352), “the prejudice to defendant was not incurable by admonition or
instruction.” (Price, supra, 1 Cal.4th at p. 431.) It must be presumed that the
jurors acted in accordance with the instruction and disregarded the question and
answer. (See, e.g., People v. Rocha (1971) 3 Cal.3d 893, 901; People v. Seiterle
(1963) 59 Cal.2d 703, 710.)
In People v. Duncan (1960) 53 Cal.2d 803, a murder case in which the
prosecutor sought to portray the defendant as a sexually promiscuous woman, the
trial court struck all such questions and answers and told the jury to disregard
them. The defendant requested a mistrial because the questions tended to degrade
and debase her. (Id. at p. 818.) We declared: “Even if we accept defendant’s
contentions that the evidence objected to was inadmissible, it is clear that it did not
go to the main issue in the case, and we must assume the jury obeyed the court’s
49
instructions to disregard it.” (Ibid.) As in Duncan, the trial court here properly
ruled that a mistrial was not warranted under these circumstances.
G. Evidence that Joanna Directed Sheriffs to the Murder Scene
Defendant contends it was error to admit Sergeant Wilson’s testimony that
on November 2, 1984, he, Detective Harnage, and Dr. Dougherty asked Joanna to
direct them to the murder location. She eventually directed them to the Four
Corners intersection on Ferrari Mill Road. Joanna was insistent that the windows
be rolled up; she didn’t want to go further and was crying. Defendant also
contends it was error to admit Sergeant Wilson’s testimony that on November 6,
1984, the four returned to the Four Corners intersection. Joanna remembered an
incline and she indicated that they (Joanna, defendant, and Denise) “went down
that road,” which was the road near which Denise’s body was located. She also
recognized a tree stump with yellow writing.
The court admonished the jury that Joanna’s statements were not admitted
for the truth of the matter asserted, “but simply to allow [the jury] the indicia of
what her state of mind was at that time and what the demeanor was during the
course of the trip[s].” And after a sidebar conference, the court further
admonished the jury that Joanna’s statements concerning directions to a particular
location were not being offered as direct evidence but to show her knowledge at
the time the trips were made.
The defense also objected to Sergeant Wilson’s testimony that he told
Joanna on June 22, 1985 to take him to the “exact” place where Denise was killed,
which was well after the trial started and after extensive press coverage of the
case.
Defendant claims that this evidence was inadmissible hearsay that did not
come within the state of mind exception set forth in Evidence Code section 1250,
50
subdivision (a), and instead is prohibited under subdivision (b) of that statute. We
disagree. Evidence Code section 1250, subdivision (a) provides that evidence of a
statement of a declarant’s then existing state of mind is admissible when such state
of mind is itself an issue in the action, or when the evidence is offered to prove or
explain acts by the declarant.6
Joanna’s statements made during the three trips fall within the Evidence
Code section 1250 exception because “[t]ypical statements considered of a state of
mind include belief and knowledge.” (1 Jefferson, Cal. Evid. Benchbook, supra,
§ 14.7, p. 212.) And, as we rejected defendant’s Evidence Code section 1250
claim as to Darlene’s statements, ante, we similarly reject defendant’s Evidence
Code section 1250 claim that Joanna’s statements were inadmissible, because
these statements tended to show that Joanna knew where Denise was murdered.
One court explained the Evidence Code section 1250 state of mind
exception in the following manner: “The evidence admitted under section 1250 is
hearsay; it describes a mental or physical condition . . . and is received for the
truth of the matter stated. [Citation.] If offered to prove the declarant’s state of
mind, the statement may be introduced without limitation, subject only to
[Evidence Code] section 352. However, the declarant’s state of mind must be at
issue in the case.” (People v. Ortiz (1995) 38 Cal.App.4th 377, 389 (Ortiz).)
The Ortiz court continued: “In contrast, a statement which does not directly
declare a mental state, but is merely circumstantial evidence of that state of mind,
is not hearsay. It is not received for the truth of the matter stated, but rather
whether the statement is true or not, the fact such statement was made is relevant
to a determination of the declarant’s state of mind. [Citation.] Again, such
6
For the relevant text of Evidence Code section 1250, see footnote 5, ante.
51
evidence must be relevant to be admissible — the declarant’s state of mind must
be in issue. ([Evid. Code,] § 210.) A limiting instruction is required with
declarations used as circumstantial evidence of the declarant’s mental state; that is,
the declaration is not received for the truth of the matter stated and can only be
used for the limited purpose for which it is offered. ([Evid. Code,] § 355.)”
(Ortiz, supra, 38 Cal.App.4th at pp. 389-390.)
As a threshold matter, Joanna’s state of mind was clearly at issue in this
trial. The defense heavily attacked her credibility by pointing out, for example,
how long it took for her to come forward as a witness, that she passed up several
opportunities to inform law enforcement officials about the crime, and that she
admitted telling a different story on November 7, 1984, as compared to a tape-
recorded interview that took place on November 2. Indeed, the defense’s theory
was that Joanna was not present when Denise was murdered. Applying the
principles outlined in Ortiz, Joanna’s demeanor and her ability to give directions
to the scene of the crime, the exact location of which was unreported, constituted
nonhearsay circumstantial evidence of her state of mind, in this case, knowledge.
This testimony was admitted with the proper limiting admonishment. It must be
presumed that the jury followed the court’s admonition. (People v. Mickey (1991)
54 Cal.3d 612, 689.)
H. Absence of Defendant and Counsel from Readback of Testimony
Defendant claims that he was denied due process of law because he was
absent from the readback of testimony, which was a critical stage of the
proceedings. This contention is without merit. We have repeatedly stated that the
rereading of testimony is not a critical stage of the proceedings. (See, e.g., People
v. Ayala (2000) 23 Cal.4th 225, 288 (Ayala); People v. Horton (1995) 11 Cal.4th
1068, 1220.) Moreover, defendant and his attorneys specifically waived their
52
presence at the readback of testimony. Fisher v. Roe (9th Cir. 2001) 263 F.3d 906,
cited by defendant, is not on point. In contrast to the situation here, the defendant
and his lawyer there were excluded from the readback of testimony without their
consent. (Id. at p. 916.)
I. Cumulative
Error
Defendant argues that the cumulative effect of all the errors he alleges
rendered his proceeding fundamentally unfair. We disagree. Defendant has
demonstrated few, if any, errors, and we have found each possible error to be
harmless when considered in isolation. Considering them together, we likewise
conclude their cumulative effect does not warrant reversal of the judgment.
IV. DISCUSSION – PENALTY PHASE
A. Failing to Instruct on “Other Crimes” Evidence
Defendant argues that the trial court committed prejudicial error because it
failed to discharge its sua sponte duty to instruct the jury, at the penalty phase, that
the jury could not consider “other crimes” evidence as aggravating circumstances
unless it first found those crimes were proven beyond a reasonable doubt. (See,
e.g., People v. Robertson (1982) 33 Cal.3d 21, 53-55.) Specifically, defendant
argues that the prosecutor, in his case-in-chief at the guilt phase, introduced “other
crimes” evidence of defendant’s gun possession and the fact defendant may have
also raped the three victims. Thus, the court’s failure to give this instruction
requires reversal. This contention is without merit.
The prosecutor did not take the position or argue that evidence of
defendant’s supposed gun possession or sexual intercourse with the victims
constituted evidence in aggravation; rather, such evidence was admitted at the
guilt phase only and was not mentioned during the penalty phase. Indeed, both the
prosecutor and defendant argued at the penalty phase as if the only aggravating
53
circumstance at issue was the fact that defendant murdered the three teenage girls
in seriatim.
In People v. Maury (2003) 30 Cal.4th 342, 443, we stated that “in the
absence of a request, the trial court is under no duty to give an instruction at the
penalty phase regarding evidence received at the guilt phase. [Citations.] Even
when section 190.3, factor (b), criminal activity is expressly alleged, which was
not the case here, ‘the rule absolving the court of a sua sponte duty to instruct on
the elements of crimes introduced under [section 190.3,] factor (b) “ ‘is based in
part on a recognition that, as [a] tactical matter, the defendant “may not want the
penalty phase instructions . . . [to] lead the jury to place undue emphasis on the
crimes rather than on the central question of whether he should live or die.”
[Citations.]’ ” ’ [Citation.] If a trial court need not instruct a jury sua sponte as to
the elements of alleged other crimes, given the possible undue emphasis, which
the defense may fear the jury will place on them [citation], a trial court is
obviously under no sua sponte obligation to instruct the jury on the prosecution’s
burden of proving other crimes that are not clearly introduced under section 190.3,
factor (b). [Citations.]” Based on the foregoing authority, the court was not
required to instruct the jury on other crimes evidence.
B. Brown Error
Defendant claims that the court’s penalty phase instructions, in conjunction
with his attorney’s closing argument, misled the jury as to its sentencing
responsibility. In People v. Brown (1985) 40 Cal.3d 512, 540-544 (Brown),
reversed on another issue sub nomine California v. Brown (1987) 479 U.S. 538,
we recognized that the “unadorned” phrase in former CALJIC No. 8.84.2 that the
trier of fact “shall impose a sentence of death if it concludes the aggravating
circumstances outweigh the mitigating circumstances” (italics added) could
54
mislead the jury: “a juror might understand his function as (i) merely the
‘counting’ of factors and then (ii) reaching an ‘automatic’ decision, with no
exercise of personal responsibility for deciding, by his own standards, which
penalty was appropriate. [Citation.]” (People v. Milner (1988) 45 Cal.3d 227,
256.)
In cases tried before Brown, such as the case before us, we look to the
entire record “to determine whether, in context, the sentencer may have been
misled to defendant’s prejudice about the scope of its sentencing discretion . . . .”
(Brown, supra, 40 Cal.3d at p. 544, fn. 17.) We are satisfied, on this record, that
the jury understood its duty to carefully and properly weigh its decision. The
prosecutor correctly pointed out to the jury that “you are commanded by the law to
take these eleven factors and weigh and consider them, not in a mechanistic sense,
but in a sense that gives true value and weight to each of the factors, as you, the
jury, determine them to be.”
Although defense counsel stated, in one instance, that “if the aggravating
factors outweigh the mitigating then you must sentence [defendant to death],” his
next statement was, “And if you find to the contrary, then you will sentence him to
life without the possibility of parole.” He then argued that “when you weigh [the
mitigating factors] those factors will prevail.”
The jury was also instructed that it was “obliged to weigh mitigating
evidence against aggravating evidence in exercising its sentencing discretion.
Although the law seeks to ensure that this discretion is not weighed arbitrarily, i.e.,
without regard to the evidence, the weighing process is not mechanical.” As we
stated in People v. Weaver (2001) 26 Cal.4th 876, 985: “ ‘[N]owhere did the
prosecutor [or defense attorney] urge the jury to merely count the number of
aggravating and mitigating factors and mechanically or arithmetically impose the
death penalty.’ [Citation.]” Because both the prosecutor and defense counsel here
55
urged the jury to weigh the aggravating and mitigating factors, we find no Brown
error under these facts.
C. Emotional Disturbance as a Mitigating Factor
Defendant claims that Penal Code section 190, factor (c), by asking the
penalty jury to consider whether defendant acted under “extreme mental or
emotional disturbance” during the commission of the offense, unduly limited the
kinds of evidence admissible at the penalty phase. This contention is without
merit. We have repeatedly rejected challenges to the word “extreme” in section
190.3, factor (d). (See, e.g., People v. Burgener (2003) 29 Cal.4th 833, 885
(Burgener); People v. Roybal (1998) 19 Cal.4th 481, 522-523; People v. Jones
(1997) 15 Cal.4th 119, 190; People v. Ray (1996) 13 Cal.4th 313, 359; People v.
Ghent (1987) 43 Cal.3d 739, 776.) Because Penal Code section 190, factor (k) of
the 1978 death penalty law permitted the jury to look to “any other circumstance
which extenuates the gravity of the crime,” it therefore allows consideration of any
mental or emotional condition, even if it is not “extreme.” (People v. Clark (1992)
3 Cal.4th 41, 163.)
D. Prosecutorial Misconduct During the Penalty Phase Argument
Defendant contends that the prosecutor’s penalty phase closing argument
constituted misconduct because it improperly appealed to the jury’s passions.
Because there was no objection or request for admonishment, defendant is deemed
to have forfeited the objection and the point cannot be raised on appeal. (People v.
Medina (1995) 11 Cal.4th 694, 775-776 (Medina).)
In any event, this argument is without merit. The prosecutor made
allusions to the fact that the three girls would never again “hear a bird sing,” “see a
sunset,” “taste an apple, a cup of coffee or a Coca Cola,” “walk in the spring rain,”
“learn that the world perhaps does have a place for each of them,” “hold a hand,”
56
or put a “key in the door and have one say: Are you home?” As we stated in
Haskett, supra, 30 Cal.3d at page 863, in which the prosecutor, in his penalty
phase argument, invited the jurors to “put themselves in the [victim’s] shoes”:
“[A]t the penalty phase the jury decides a question, the resolution of which turns
not only on the facts, but on a jury’s moral assessment of those facts as they reflect
on whether the defendant should be put to death. It is not only appropriate, but
necessary, that the jury weigh the sympathetic elements of defendant’s
background against those that may offend the conscience.”
We followed Haskett in Medina, supra, 11 Cal.4th at page 777, in which
the prosecutor, during the penalty phase, argued to the jury the terror the victim
must have felt while lying on the ground awaiting execution. What we stated in
Medina applies here as well: “[T]he prosecutor’s argument did not exceed the
bounds of propriety.” (Id. at p. 778.)
E. Instruction that a Death Verdict Will Result in Death
Defendant claims that it was error for the trial court, at the request of
defense counsel, to instruct the jury that “[i]f you find that a verdict of death is
appropriate, you must assume that such penalty will be imposed,” without giving a
similar instruction regarding a sentence of life without the possibility of parole.
This contention is without merit.
As we have explained in prior cases, because of the possibility of appellate
reversal or gubernatorial commutation or pardon, it would be erroneous to instruct
the jury that if it returns a death verdict, the sentence of death will inexorably be
carried out. But the trial court may give such an instruction at the defendant’s
request. (People v. Kipp (1998) 18 Cal.4th 349, 378-379 [citing cases].) The trial
court, therefore, did not err in instructing the jury, at defendant’s request, to
assume that a verdict of death would be carried out.
57
We have also rejected the argument that the trial court is required to instruct
the jury to assume that a verdict of life without the possibility of parole really does
mean life without the possibility of parole. As we stated in People v. Sanders
(1995) 11 Cal.4th 475, 562: “ ‘When a term is commonly understood by those
familiar with the English language and is not used in a technical sense peculiar to
the law, the court is not required to give an instruction as to its meaning in the
absence of a request. [Citation.] In this case, the term “confinement in the state
prison for life without possibility of parole” was used in the common and
nontechnical sense that the plain meaning of the words convey. Accordingly, the
court was not required to give an instruction as to its meaning sua sponte.’
[Citation.]” In the present case, defendant did not request such an instruction nor
was the court required to give the same. This contention is without merit.
F. Instruction on Lesser Included Offenses
Defendant
contends
that CALJIC No. 17.10, the jury instruction that
requires a unanimous acquittal of the charged offense prior to a verdict on a lesser
offense, violated his due process and Eighth Amendment rights to a full jury
consideration of lesser offenses. This precise issue has been repeatedly rejected
by this court. (See, e.g., People v. Dennis (1998) 17 Cal.4th 468, 535-537; People
v. Fields (1996) 13 Cal.4th 289, 303-305.) We see no reason to revisit the issue
here.
G. Jury’s Request
During deliberations, the jury requested a copy of Dr. Edwards’s report.
This report was referred to in the testimony of Dr. Globus, a defense psychologist.
The trial court correctly informed the jury that, because the report was not in
evidence, it was not available to the jury. The court volunteered that the jury
could have the court reporter read back Dr. Globus’s entire testimony, but not only
58
the aspects that related to the report. The jury was given the night to reflect upon
this situation. The next morning, the jury did not renew its request. Instead, it
resumed deliberations and returned a death verdict later that day.
We have interpreted Penal Code section 1138 to provide that “ ‘the trial
court must satisfy requests by the jury for rereading of testimony.’ ” (People v.
Box (2000) 23 Cal.4th 1153, 1212, quoting People v. Ainsworth (1988) 45 Cal.3d
984, 1020.)7 This statutory right is not of constitutional dimension, since “[t]he
rereading of testimony is not a critical stage of the proceedings.” (Ayala, supra,
23 Cal.4th at p. 288.) Because the jury here never made a request to have the
testimony reread, there was no statutory violation. Instead, the jury requested a
report that was not in evidence; the jury never thereafter responded to the court’s
suggestion that the entire testimony be read back.
The suggestion by defendant that the trial court’s decision not to permit the
reading of portions of the testimony of a witness amounted to “jury coercion” is
without merit. The trial court made it clear, prior to trial, that rereading a portion
of a witness’s testimony was not permitted because testimony could then be taken
out of context. This decision was well within the sound discretion of the court.
We recently rejected this very argument in People v. Hillhouse (2002) 27 Cal.4th
469, 506-507: “[D]efendant argues the court erred in advising the jury it would
hear the entire testimony of any given witness. This portion of the instruction did
not violate section 1138 [of the Penal Code]. That statute mandates the readback
of testimony at jury request, but it does not forbid giving the jury more than it
7
Penal Code section 1138 provides, in relevant part: “After the jury has
retired for deliberation, if there be any disagreement between them as to the
testimony, . . . they must require the officer to conduct them into court [and] the
information required must be given in the presence of [the prosecutor] and the
defendant or his counsel . . . .”
59
requests so it also receives the context. Defendant speculates the jury may have
wanted a rereading of some part of [the witness’s] testimony but chose not to
request it because the entire testimony was lengthy. . . . But in any event, the court
made clear it would provide any requested rereading of material testimony.
Merely informing the jury of the time it may take for rehearing testimony is not
impermissible jury coercion. [Citation.]”
Moreover, in the present case, the jury had had the entirety of Joanna’s and
Darlene’s testimony reread, which entailed over two days of rereading. This jury,
therefore, was quite capable of requesting extensive readback. It did not. People
v. Warren (1900) 130 Cal. 678, 681-682, and People v. Slaughter (1917) 33
Cal.App. 365, 378-379, are on point. In each case, the trial court informed the
jury that the requested readback would take hours; thereafter each jury reached a
verdict without hearing the requested readback. Our court and the Court of
Appeal found no violation of Penal Code section 1138. Based on the foregoing
authority, we similarly find no error here.
H. Description of an Execution
Defendant claims that it was error for the trial court to prohibit the
introduction of evidence describing how the death penalty is administered. This
contention is without merit. We have consistently held that evidence of the
manner in which the death penalty is carried out is irrelevant to our capital
sentencing scheme. (See, e.g., People v. Lucas (1995) 12 Cal.4th 415, 499;
People v. Fudge (1994) 7 Cal.4th 1075, 1123-1124; People v. Daniels (1991) 52
Cal.3d 815, 877-878.)
I. Constitutional Challenges to California’s 1978 Death Penalty Law
In People v. Snow (2003) 30 Cal.4th 43 (Snow), we again upheld the
constitutionality of the 1978 death penalty scheme. And as we said in People v.
60
Clair (1992) 2 Cal.4th 629, 691 (Clair): “ ‘Having time and again considered
[such] claims . . . in a series of decisions beginning with People v. Rodriguez
(1986) 42 Cal.3d 730, 777-779, we may summarize the views expressed therein
thus: as a general matter at least, the 1978 death penalty law is facially valid
under the federal and state charters. . . . [D]efendant raises certain specific
constitutional challenges. But he recognizes that in the Rodriguez series of cases,
we have rejected each and every one.’ [Citation.]” We now turn to each of the
challenges.
1. Proportionality of Defendant’s Sentence
a. Disproportionate
Defendant claims that the application of the death penalty in his case is
disproportionate to his personal culpability and is therefore cruel or unusual
punishment, in violation of article I, section 17 of the California Constitution. To
determine whether a sentence is cruel or unusual as applied to a particular
defendant, a reviewing court must examine the circumstances of the offense,
including the defendant’s motive, the extent of the defendant’s involvement in the
crime, the manner in which the crime was committed, and the consequences of the
defendant’s acts. The court must also consider the defendant’s age, prior
criminality and mental capabilities. (People v. Hines (1997) 15 Cal.4th 997,
1078.) If the court concludes that the penalty imposed is “grossly disproportionate
to the defendant’s culpability” (People v. Dillon (1983) 34 Cal.3d 441, 479) or,
stated another way, that the punishment shocks the conscience and offends
fundamental notions of human dignity (see, e.g., People v. Cox (1991) 53 Cal.3d
618, 690), the court must invalidate the sentence as unconstitutional.
Applying these principles, the imposition of the death penalty on defendant
is neither cruel nor unusual. Defendant, with premeditation and deliberation,
61
brutally murdered three teenage girls, on three separate occasions, and left their
unclothed bodies in the woods. Never has defendant expressed remorse for the
murders. While defendant may have suffered abuse as a child and at times drank
too much, there is no evidence to suggest that these three cold-blooded murders
were committed under any emotional disturbance. Given these facts alone,
defendant’s sentence is not disproportionate to his personal culpability.
b. Comparative
Proportionality Review
Comparative proportionality review, which requires a comparative or
intercase proportionality review of other murder cases to determine the
defendant’s relative culpability, is not required by the United States Constitution.
(Pulley v. Harris (1984) 465 U.S. 37, 50-51.) We have repeatedly rejected such a
challenge. (See, e.g., Burgener, supra, 29 Cal.4th at p. 884, fn. 7; People v.
Ochoa (2001) 26 Cal.4th 398, 458; People v. Coddington (2000) 23 Cal.4th 529,
656; People v. Webb (1993) 6 Cal.4th 494, 536, and cases cited therein.) We have
also rejected the claim advanced by defendant that equal protection requires us to
provide capital defendants with the same capital sentence review afforded other
felons under the determinate sentencing law. (Pen. Code, § 1170, subd. (f); see,
e.g., People v. Lewis (2001) 26 Cal.4th 334, 395; People v. Jenkins, supra, 22
Cal.4th at p. 1053; People v. Bacigalupo (1991) 1 Cal.4th 103, 151.)
2. The
Statutory
Death Eligibility Process
Defendant asserts California’s homicide and death penalty statutes do not
sufficiently narrow the class of homicide offenders eligible for the death penalty.
We have rejected this claim in numerous decisions and decline to conclude
differently here. (See, e.g., Burgener, supra, 29 Cal.4th at pp. 884-885; People v.
Hughes (2002) 27 Cal.4th 287, 404; People v. Bolin (1998) 18 Cal.4th 297, 345;
People v. Barnett (1998) 17 Cal.4th 1044, 1179, and cases cited; People v. Scott
62
(1997) 15 Cal.4th 1188, 1228.) Defendant also asserts that the prosecutorial
discretion permitted under our statutes renders California’s death eligibility
process unconstitutional. Again, we have rejected this claim in numerous decisions
and decline to reconsider them now. (See, e.g., Hughes, supra, 27 Cal.4th at p.
404; Bolin, supra, 18 Cal.4th at p. 345; Barnett, supra, 17 Cal.4th at p. 1179, and
cases cited; Scott, supra,15 Cal.4th at p. 1228.)
3. Aggravating Circumstances
Defendant claims that it is unconstitutional to impose a sentence of death
unless the aggravating circumstances outweigh the mitigating circumstances
beyond a reasonable doubt. This claim was first rejected by our court in People v.
Rodriguez, supra, 42 Cal.3d at pages 777-779, and has been rejected ever since.
(See, e.g., Snow, supra, 30 Cal.4th at pp. 125-127; Burgener, supra, 29 Cal.4th at
p. 884, fn. 7; People v. Gutierrez (2002) 28 Cal.4th 1083, 1150-1151; Clair,
supra, 2 Cal.4th at p. 691.) As we recently stated: “The Constitution does not
require the jury to find beyond a reasonable doubt that a particular factor in
aggravation exists, that the aggravating factors outweighed the mitigating factors,
or that death was the appropriate penalty.” (Burgener, supra, 29 Cal.4th at p. 884,
fn. 7.)
Defendant, however, asks us to reconsider this position in light of two
recent United States Supreme Court cases, Apprendi v. New Jersey (2000) 530
U.S. 466, and Ring v. Arizona (2002) 536 U.S. 584 [122 S.Ct. 2428]. Specifically,
defendant argues that the two cases read together mandate that the aggravating
circumstances necessary for the jury’s imposition of the death penalty be found
beyond a reasonable doubt. We disagree. As this court recently stated in Snow,
supra, 30 Cal.4th at page 126, footnote 32: “We reject that argument for the
reason given in People v. Anderson (2001) 25 Cal.4th 543, 589-590, footnote 14:
63
‘[U]nder the California death penalty scheme, once the defendant has been
convicted of first degree murder and one or more special circumstances has been
found true beyond a reasonable doubt, death is no more than the prescribed
statutory maximum for the offense; the only alternative is life imprisonment
without possibility of parole. (§ 190.2, subd. (a).) Hence, facts which bear upon,
but do not necessarily determine, which of these two alternative penalties is
appropriate do not come within the holding of Apprendi.’ The high court’s recent
decision in Ring v. Arizona (2002) 536 U.S. 584 [122 S.Ct. 2428] does not change
this analysis. Under the Arizona capital sentencing scheme invalidated in Ring, a
defendant convicted of first degree murder could be sentenced to death if, and only
if, the trial court first found at least one of the enumerated aggravating factors true.
(Id. at p. ___ [122 S.Ct. at p. 2440].) Under California’s scheme, in contrast, each
juror must believe the circumstances in aggravation substantially outweigh those
in mitigation, but the jury as a whole need not find any one aggravating factor to
exist. The final step in California capital sentencing is a free weighing of all the
factors relating to the defendant’s culpability, comparable to a sentencing court’s
traditionally discretionary decision to, for example, impose one prison sentence
rather than another. Nothing in Apprendi or Ring suggests the sentencer in such a
system constitutionally must find any aggravating factor true beyond a reasonable
doubt.” (Accord, People v. Smith (2003) 30 Cal.4th 581, 642; People v. Prieto
(2003) 30 Cal.4th 226, 275.)
J. Automatic Motion for Modification of Death Verdict
Under Penal Code section 190.4, subdivision (e), the trial court is required
to “review the evidence, consider, take into account, and be guided by the
aggravating and mitigating circumstances referred to in Section 190.3, and shall
make a determination as to whether the jury’s findings and verdicts that the
64
aggravating circumstances outweigh the mitigating circumstances are contrary to
law or the evidence presented. The judge shall state on the record the reason for
his findings.”
Defendant claims a remand is required because it was error for the judge to
(1) consider that defendant possessed firearms under section 190.3, factor (a);
(2) consider that defendant possessed knives and guns under section 190.3, factor
(b); (3) double-count the crimes of which he was convicted under section 190.3,
factors (a) and (b); (4) not consider defendant’s brain damage under section 190.3,
factors (d) and (h); and (5) not consider other mitigating factors under section
190.3, factor (k). We disagree.
Upon this record, it is clear the judge took this review seriously and
painstakingly went through each of the aggravating and mitigating factors. He
concluded that “the jury’s findings and verdicts are not only supported by the
weight of the evidence, but the court in its independent review of all the evidence”
found that “the aggravating circumstances overwhelmingly outweigh the
mitigating factors.”
As to defendant’s specific claims of error, because it was proper to admit
evidence that defendant possessed guns and knives, it was not error for the trial
court to consider this evidence. As to the court’s lack of discussion regarding
brain damage, the trial court properly could have accepted the testimony of the
neuropsychologist, Dr. Vogt, that there was no evidence of brain damage.
In People v. Miranda (1987) 44 Cal.3d 57, 105-106, we held that the
criminal activity to be considered under Penal Code section 190.3, factor (b) does
not include the circumstances of the crime for which the defendant is being
prosecuted in the current proceeding. Here, the court correctly considered the
circumstances of the current crime as a factor under section 190.3, factor (a) but
incorrectly used these same circumstances as an aggravating factor under section
65
190.3, factor (b). The court also incorrectly stated that the mere possession of
guns constituted a crime of violence. The court’s two errors were harmless.
Given the willful, premeditated, deliberate murder of the three teenage girls, it is
not reasonably possible that such errors affected the trial court’s decision to deny
the automatic motion to modify the verdict. (See, e.g., Williams, supra, 16 Cal.4th
at p. 283; People v. Clark, supra, 3 Cal.4th at pp. 171-172.) No basis for a remand
appears.
V. DISPOSITION
The judgment of death is affirmed.
MORENO,
J.
WE CONCUR: GEORGE, C. J.
BAXTER,
J.
WERDEGAR,
J.
CHIN,
J.
BROWN,
J.
66
C O P Y
PEOPLE v. MICHAEL ANTHONY COX
S004703
DISSENTING OPINION BY KENNARD, J.
Because I would grant defendant’s petition for writ of habeas corpus in the
companion case of In re Michael Anthony Cox on Habeas Corpus (June 9, 2003,
S004507), ___ Cal.4th ___, I would dismiss this automatic appeal as moot.
KENNARD,
J.
1
See next page for addresses and telephone numbers for counsel who argued in Supreme Court.
Name of Opinion People v. Cox
__________________________________________________________________________________
Unpublished Opinion
Original Appeal XXX
Original Proceeding
Review Granted
Rehearing Granted
__________________________________________________________________________________
Opinion No. S004703
Date Filed: June 9, 2003
__________________________________________________________________________________
Court: Superior
County: El Dorado
Judge: Terrance M. Finney
__________________________________________________________________________________
Attorneys for Appellant:
Frank O. Bell, Jr., Fern M. Laethem and Lynne S. Coffin, State Public Defenders, under appointments by
the Supreme Court, Barry P. Helft, Assistant State Public Defender, Joel Kirshenbaum, Michael Pescetta,
Musawwir Spiegel and Mary McComb, Deputy State Public Defenders for Defendant and Appellant.
__________________________________________________________________________________
Attorneys for Respondent:
John K. Van de Kamp, Daniel E. Lungren and Bill Lockyer, Attorneys General, Steve White, George
Williamson and Robert R. Anderson, Chief Assistant Attorneys General, Jo Graves, Assistant Attorney
General, Ward A. Campbell, Edmund D. McMurray, Harry Joseph Colombo, John G. Mclean and R. Todd
Marshall, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
Counsel who argued in Supreme Court (not intended for publication with opinion):
Barry P. Helft
Assistant State Public Defender
221 Main Street, 10th Floor
San Francisco, CA 94105
(415) 904-5600
Mary McComb
Deputy State Public Defender
221 Main Street, 10th Floor
San Francisco, CA 94105
(415) 904-5600
R. Todd Marshall
Deputy Attorney General
1300 I Street, Suite 125
Sacramento, CA 94244-2550
(916) 324-5285
2
Date: | Docket Number: |
Mon, 06/09/2003 | S004703 |
1 | The People (Respondent) Represented by Attorney General - Sacramento Office R. Todd Marshall, Deputy Attorney General P.O. Box 944255 Sacramento, CA |
2 | Cox, Michael Anthony (Appellant) Represented by Office Of The State Public Defender-Sac Mary McComb, deputy 801 "K" Street, Suite 1100 Sacramento, CA |
3 | Cox, Michael Anthony (Appellant) Represented by Office Of The State Public Defender-Sf Barry Helft 221 Main Street, 10th Floor San Francisco, CA |
Disposition | |
Jun 9 2003 | Opinion: Affirmed |
Dockets | |
Nov 26 1985 | Judgment of death |
Dec 5 1985 | Filed certified copy of Judgment of Death Rendered 11-26-85. |
Dec 13 1985 | Application for Extension of Time filed By Court Reporter to Complete R.T. |
Dec 17 1985 | Extension of Time application Granted To C.S.R. To 1-14-86 To Complete R.T. |
Dec 19 1985 | Order appointing State Public Defender filed |
Jan 27 1986 | Application for Extension of Time filed By Applt to request correction of Record. |
Jan 28 1986 | Extension of Time application Granted To Applt To 3-31-86 To request correction of Record. |
Jan 21 1987 | Record on appeal filed C-6 (1,104 Pp.) and 4 Sealed Envelopes; and R-22 (5,418 Pp.) |
Feb 20 1987 | Application for Extension of Time filed To file Aob. |
Feb 25 1987 | Extension of Time application Granted To 4-21-87 To file Aob. |
Apr 21 1987 | Application for Extension of Time filed To file Aob. |
Apr 24 1987 | Extension of Time application Granted To 6-22-87 To file Aob. |
Jun 22 1987 | Application for Extension of Time filed To file Aob. |
Jun 23 1987 | Extension of Time application Granted To 7-22-87 To file Aob. |
Jul 22 1987 | Application for Extension of Time filed To file Aob. |
Jul 23 1987 | Extension of Time application Granted To 8-5-87 To file Aob. |
Aug 5 1987 | Appellant's opening brief filed (273 pp.) |
Aug 21 1987 | Filed document entitled: Applt's Applic. to Take Judicial Notice (7 Pp.) |
Sep 1 1987 | Application for Extension of Time filed To file Resp's brief. |
Sep 9 1987 | Extension of Time application Granted To 10-5-87 To file Resp's brief. |
Sep 28 1987 | Application for Extension of Time filed To file Resp's brief. |
Oct 1 1987 | Extension of Time application Granted To 11-4-87 To file Resp's brief. |
Oct 29 1987 | Application for Extension of Time filed To file Resp's brief. |
Nov 5 1987 | Extension of Time application Granted To 12-4-87 To file Resp's brief. |
Dec 1 1987 | Application for Extension of Time filed To file Resp's brief. |
Dec 3 1987 | Extension of Time application Granted To 12-14-87 To file Resp's brief. |
Dec 11 1987 | Respondent's brief filed (280 pp.) |
Dec 11 1987 | Filed document entitled: Resp's Opposition to Applt's 8-21-87 Application to Take Judicial Notice. |
Dec 29 1987 | Application for Extension of Time filed To file reply brief. |
Dec 30 1987 | Extension of Time application Granted To 2-1-88 To file reply brief. |
Jan 29 1988 | Application for Extension of Time filed To file reply brief. |
Feb 2 1988 | Extension of Time application Granted To 3-1-88 To file reply brief. |
Mar 1 1988 | Appellant's reply brief filed (64 pp.) |
Mar 4 1988 | Filed document entitled: Resp's Suppl (letter) brief. (2 Pp.) |
Mar 11 1988 | Received: Letter from State P.D. Re error in reply brief. |
Mar 31 1988 | Case Ordered on Calendar: Ordered Off Calendar 4/26/88 (Was Scheduled for Tues., 5/10/88 @ 1:30 Pm) |
Apr 5 1988 | Received: Letter from State P.D. requesting Continuance of Oral Argument. |
Jun 1 1988 | Letter sent to: Counsel Advising that Matter Will not be on June 1988 Calendar; Tentatively Scheduled for Sept. 1988 in S.F. |
Jul 28 1988 | Letter sent to: Counsel Re: case Will not be Argued Sept 1988. Tentatively reset Oct 1988 Session in Los Angeles During Week of Oct 3-7, 1988. |
Aug 18 1988 | Note: OSC issued this Date in H.C.# S004507. Habeas Ordered Consolidated with Appeal. |
Aug 22 1988 | Order filed: The Order of this Court filed Herein 8-18-88, Is Hereby Amended to Read: The Written return Is to be Served and filed on or before 9-12-88. |
Sep 9 1988 | Letter sent to: Counsel Advising that in light of Issuance of OSC in H.C. S004507, the Court has determined that Appeal Will not be Argued During Oct. '88 Session. |
Sep 12 1988 | Written return filed (9 Pp.) |
Oct 12 1988 | Application for Extension of Time filed To file Traverse. |
Oct 19 1988 | Extension of Time application Granted To 11-14-88 To file Traverse. |
Nov 14 1988 | Application for Extension of Time filed To file Traverse. |
Nov 15 1988 | Traverse to return filed (Perm. to file Granted) (30 Pp.) |
Dec 12 1988 | Filed: Applt's Applic. for Discovery Order (12 Pp.) |
Dec 23 1988 | Opposition filed By Resp to Applic. for Discovery Order (7 Pp.) |
Jan 9 1989 | Filed: Applt's reply to Opposition to Applic. for Discovery Order (5 Pp.) |
Jun 22 1989 | Reference hearing ordered The Hon. Terrence M. Finney, Presiding Judge of El Dorado Superior Court to select a judge of that court to sit as a referee in this proceeding and shall promptly notify this court. (see order for full text). |
Aug 9 1989 | Order filed: Appointing Hon. Lloyd B. Hamilton, El Dorado Superior Court, as Referee. |
Sep 5 1989 | Received: Letter from Judge Lloyd Hamilton Re His Apptmt. |
Sep 5 1989 | Letter sent to: Counsel requesting Any Comments to Referee's letter no Later Than 9-12-89. |
Sep 12 1989 | Received: Letter from State P.D. Objecting to Designation of Judge Hamilton as Referee. |
Oct 11 1989 | Order filed: The Order Designating Judge Hamilton as The Referee Remains in Effect. |
Nov 20 1989 | Filed: Applt/Petnr's Applic. for Clarification and Amendment of Reference Order. |
Dec 6 1989 | Order filed: Denying Applt's Applic. for Clarification and Amendment of Reference Order. |
Apr 6 1990 | Filed: Suppl Petn for Writ of Habeas Corpus (23 Pp. Excluding Exhibits). |
Apr 13 1990 | Letter sent to: Resp requesting Informal response (Rule 60) to Suppl Petn: Due 4-30-90. Any reply Due within 15 Days of Service & filing of Informal Response. |
Apr 26 1990 | Received: Copy of Petnr's motion for Disqualification of Hon. Lloyd B. Hamilton as Referee. (Note: Original Was filed with Referee). |
Apr 30 1990 | Application for Extension of Time filed To file Informal response To Suppl Petn. |
May 3 1990 | Letter sent to: Resp Advising Ext. granted to 5-30-90 to file Informal response to Suppl Petn. Any reply Due 15 Days Thereafter. |
May 7 1990 | Filed: Answer of Hon. Lloyd B. Hamilton, Referee, in response to Petnr's motion to Disqualify. |
May 17 1990 | Informal Response filed by: To Suppl Petn (3 Pp. Excluding Exhibit.) |
May 31 1990 | Filed: Reply to Informal response to Suppl. Petn. (5pp) |
Oct 19 1990 | Note: Order by Judge Pro Tem Daniel H. Weinstein Granting Petnr's motion for Disqualification of Judge Hamilton Was filed in El Dorado Supr. Crt. On 10-11-90. |
Oct 24 1990 | Order to show cause issued Dir. of corrections Is Ordered to Show Cause in this Court, when the Matter Is Placed on Calendar, Why the Relief Prayed for in the Supplemental Petn For Writ of H.C. should not be Granted. Written return Due 11-5-90. (Lucas CJ, Mosk, Broussard, Panelli, Eagleson, Kennard & Arabian, JJ) |
Oct 30 1990 | Application for Extension of Time filed By Applt to file return to OSC Re Suppl. Petition |
Nov 1 1990 | Extension of Time application Granted To Resp To 12-5-90 To file return To OSC To Suppl. Petition |
Nov 30 1990 | Written return filed To Supplemental Petn (6 Pp.) |
Dec 26 1990 | Application for Extension of Time filed To file Traverse To return To Suppl Petn. |
Dec 27 1990 | Extension of Time application Granted To 1-29-91 To file Traverse To return To OSC issued in response To Suppl Petn. |
Jan 29 1991 | Filed: Traverse to return to OSC as to Suppl Petn.(6 Pp.) |
Mar 27 1991 | Order filed: The Hon. Lloyd B. Hamilton, Judge of The El Dorado Supr. Crt., Having been Disqualified, The Hon. Patrick John Riley, Presiding Judge of The El Dorado Supr. Crt., Shall Select A Different Judge of the El Dorado Supr. Crt. to Sit as A Referee in this Proceeding & Shall Promptly Notify this Crt. Of the Referee Selected. (See Order for Full Text). |
May 1 1991 | Order filed: Appointing Hon. Richard L. Gilbert, Placer County Superior Court, as Referee. |
Jul 18 1991 | Received letter from: Hon. Richard L. Gilbert (Referee) Re His Retirement from Bench in Sept. 1991, Suggesting appointment of Another Referee. |
Aug 2 1991 | Referee appointed The Hon. Richard L. Gilbert, Judge of the Superior Court., having announced his retirement, the Hon. Bill Dozier, Judge of the San Joaquin Superior Court, retired, is appointed to sit as a referee in this proceeding, and shall take evidence and make findings of fact on the following questions regarding the case of People v. Michael Anthony Cox (El Dorado Superior Court No. 44625; Judge Terrence M. Finney): (1) What, if any information was provided to the prosecution by Kathy Erbe regarding statements made by Joe and Linda Crespin relevant to this case? If any such information was provided, was it furnished to the defense? Which, if any, statements relevant to the case attributed by Kathy Erbe to Joe and Linda Crespin were in fact made by the Crespins? (2) Did Darlene Sindle give false testimony at trial that was substantially material or probative on the issue of guilt or punishment? If so, in what respects was her testimony false? (3) Was trial counsel Patrick Forester's pretrial investigation of the credibility of Darlene Sindle conducted in a manner to be expected of reasonably competent attorneys acting as diligent advocates? If not, in what respects was it inadequate? If his investigation was inadequate, what additional information would an adequate investigation have disclosed? (4) Did Joanna Napoletano give false testimony at trial that was substantially material or probative on the issue of guilt or punishment? If so, in what respects was her testimony false? |
Mar 2 1993 | Motion filed By Petnr Cox to vacate Order of Referee Granting Respondent Discovery. |
Mar 16 1993 | Motion filed By Petnr Cox to Disqualify the El Dorado Dist Atty and Edmund Mc Murray, Supv. Deputy Atty General from representing the State in the H.C. |
Mar 31 1993 | Order filed: Petitioner and appellant's "Motion to Vacate Order of Referee Granting Respondent Discovery" is denied. (See Penal Code, section 1484.) |
Apr 21 1993 | Order filed: Appellant's "Motion to Disqualify the El Dorado County District Attorney's Office and Edmund McMurray, Supervising Deputy Attorney General of the State of California" is denied. |
Jul 8 1993 | Note: Second Concurrent Habeas Petition filed this Date, case # S033824. |
Aug 11 1993 | Note: Habeas Petn # S033824 denied on the merits this Date. |
Dec 29 1993 | Order filed The letter of the State Public Defender Fern Laetham dated 12-16-93, with the attached declaration from counsel Richard Zimmer, is deemed to be a motion to continue the reference hearing in this matter. The motion for continuance is denied. |
Jan 24 1994 | Motion filed By Petnr for Continuance of Evidentiary Hearing. |
Jan 24 1994 | Filed: Confidential Declaration of Richard W. Zimmer in support of motion for Continuance of Evidentiary Hearing. |
Jan 26 1994 | Order filed: Appellant's motion to continue the reference hearing, filed 1-24-94, is denied. Mosk, J. is of the opinion the motion should be granted. |
Aug 5 1994 | Filed: Supplemental Petn for Writ of H.C. (S004507, consolidated w/appeal). Note: Exhibits KK, LL, MM, NN and PP submitted under separate cover) |
Aug 10 1994 | Letter sent to: Resp requesting Informal response to Supplemental Petn; Due 8-16-94. Any reply Due 8-22-94. no Extensions of time Are Contemplated. |
Aug 16 1994 | Informal Response filed by: To Supplemental H.C. Petn (50 Pp. Excluding Exhibits) |
Aug 23 1994 | Filed: Reply to Informal response to Suppl Petn (17 Pp.) |
Aug 29 1994 | Motion filed By Petnr to vacate Order of Referee Permitting Resp to Interview Trial Counsel Ex Parte & for an Order Prohibiting Such an Interview. |
Aug 30 1994 | Opposition filed By Resp to motion to vacate Order of Referee. |
Sep 1 1994 | Order filed: Appellant's "Motion to Vacate Order of Referee Permitting Respondent to Interview Trial Counsel Ex Parte and for an Order Prohibiting Such an Interview," filed 8-29-94, is denied. |
Sep 7 1994 | Order filed: The order of reference previously issued in this matter is expanded to include the following question: Did Linda Crespin give false testimony at trial that was substantially material or probative on the issue of guilt or punishment, when she testified that petitioner said he was seeing a girl named Linda, and that "girls like that should be eliminated?" |
Apr 22 1998 | Order filed: The referee is directed to file his completed report with this court on or before 8-1-98. The court does not require a set of factual findings in addition to the report. Whether further briefing or argument is necessary in preparing the report is a matter for the referee's discretion. |
Jul 1 1998 | Filed: Applt's motion to file Suppl Opening brief (brief submitted Under Separate Cover). |
Jul 7 1998 | Order filed: Granting Applt's motion to file Supplemental Aob. Any response Shall be Served & filed on or before 8-6-98. |
Jul 7 1998 | Filed: Applt's Suppl Opening brief (35 Pp.) |
Aug 6 1998 | Application for Extension of Time filed To file response To Suppl Opening brief. |
Aug 10 1998 | Extension of Time application Granted To 10-5-98 To file response To Applt's Supplmental Opening brief |
Sep 29 1998 | Filed: Resp's Suppl brief (7 Pp.) |
Jul 7 1999 | Referee's report filed (Re: Consolidated Habeas Corpus Proceeding, No. S004507). |
Jul 7 1999 | Filed: Referee's Five Analyses, and Appendix one and Two. |
Jul 7 1999 | Letter sent to: counsel: parties may file exceptions to report of referee & simultaneous briefs on the merits; due 8-6-1999. The briefs shall be limited to 60 pages. Any responses may be served and filed 30 days thereafter. Responsive briefs shall be limited to 40 pages. |
Jul 28 1999 | Application for Extension of Time filed By Petnr to file Exceptions to Referee's Report |
Aug 3 1999 | Motion filed By Petnr/Applt to Incorporate Document Into Record of Habeas Corpus Proceeding (Note: copy of Petnr's corrections to Referee's intended Decision Recv'D) |
Aug 4 1999 | Application for Extension of Time filed By Resp to file Simul. brief on the merits. |
Aug 6 1999 | Extension of Time application Granted To Petnr To 10-5-99 To file Petnr's Exceptions To Referee's Report. |
Aug 16 1999 | Extension of Time application Granted To 10-5-99 To file Resp's Exceptions To Report of Referee and brief on the merits. |
Sep 29 1999 | Application for Extension of Time filed By Resp to file Simultaneous brief on the merits. |
Sep 30 1999 | Application for Extension of Time filed By Petnr/Applt to file Exceptions to Referee's Report. |
Oct 5 1999 | Application for Extension of Time filed (Amended Request) to file Resp's Exceptions to Report of Referee and brief on the merits. |
Oct 5 1999 | Extension of Time application Granted To 12/6/99 To Applt and Resp To file Exceptions To Report of Referee and Simultaneous briefs on the merits. |
Nov 9 1999 | Filed: Record from Evidentiary Hearing: 30 Vols. of R.T (Plus 15 Vols. of Trial R.T.); Exhibits; briefs, Etc. |
Nov 23 1999 | Application for Extension of Time filed By Applt to file Exceptions to Referee's Report. |
Nov 23 1999 | Filed: 2 Addit. Vols. of R.T. Related to Evidentiary Hearing. |
Dec 1 1999 | Extension of Time application Granted To 2/4/2000 To Applt and Resp To Serve and file Exceptions To Report of Referee and Simultaneous briefs on the merits. |
Jan 18 2000 | Application for Extension of Time filed By Resp to file Exceptions to Referee's Report. |
Jan 19 2000 | Application for Extension of Time filed By Applt to file Exceptions to Referee's Report. |
Jan 28 2000 | Extension of Time application Granted To 4/4/2000 To Applt and Resp To file Exceptions To Report of Referee and Simultaneous briefs. |
Mar 8 2000 | Application for Extension of Time filed By Applt to file Exceptions to Referee's Report |
Mar 17 2000 | Filed: Stipulation (of Counsel) for Admission of Substituted copies of Exhibits in Evidence in H.C. Proceeding. |
Mar 17 2000 | Extension of Time application Granted To 4/25/2000 To file Exceptions To Report of the Referee and Simultaneous briefs on the merits. no further Eot Are Contemplated. |
Apr 13 2000 | Application for Extension of Time filed By Petner to file Exceptions to Referee's Report. |
Apr 24 2000 | Extension of Time application Granted To 6/26/2000 To Petner To file Exceptions To Report of Referee and Simultaneous briefs on the merits. no further Eot will be Granted. |
Jun 14 2000 | Application for Extension of Time filed To file Petner's brief on the merits and Exceptions To the Referee's Report. |
Jun 19 2000 | Extension of Time application Granted to the parties to 7-26-2000 to file exceptions to report of referee and simultaneous briefs on the merits. No further extensions of time will be granted. |
Jul 20 2000 | Application for Extension of Time filed To file petner's brief on the merits and exceptions to the referee's report. |
Jul 24 2000 | Extension of Time application Granted Based on the representation of Asst. State P.D. Barry Helft that the additional time requested will be used by counsel to edit petnr's brief, ext. of time to serve and file exceptions to report of referee and simultaneous briefs on the merits is extended to and including 8/7/2000. No further ext. of time will be granted. |
Jul 31 2000 | Filed: resp's application for permission to file oversize brief re: referee's findings. (108 pp. brief submitted under separate cover.) |
Aug 7 2000 | Filed: petnr's application for leave to file brief on the merits and exceptions to report of referee in excess of 60 pp. (241 pp. brief submitted under separate cover.) |
Aug 11 2000 | Order filed: The applic. of petnr for leave to file petnr's brief on the merits and exceptions to the report of the referee in excess of 60 pp. is granted. Counsel is reminded of the court's letter of July 7, 1999, limiting responsive briefs to 40 pages. |
Aug 11 2000 | Order filed: The applic. of respondent for leave to file an oversize brief regarding the report of the referee is granted. Counsel is reminded of the court's letter of July 7, 1999, limiting responsive briefs to 40 pages. |
Aug 11 2000 | Exceptions/briefing filed re referee's report filed by petnr (241 pp.) |
Aug 11 2000 | Exceptions/briefing filed re referee's report filed by respondent (108 pp.) |
Aug 30 2000 | Application for Extension of Time filed by resp to file reply to petnr's brief on the merits and exceptions to report of referee. |
Aug 31 2000 | Application for Extension of Time filed To file petner's simultaneous reply brief. (1st request) |
Sep 5 2000 | Extension of Time application Granted To 9/25/2000 to file resp's reply to petner's brief on the merits and exceptions to the report of the referee. |
Sep 15 2000 | Extension of Time application Granted to petnr to 11-9-2000 to file repy to resp's brief on the merits. No further extensions of time are contemplated. |
Sep 21 2000 | Application for Extension of Time filed by resp to file reply to petnr's brief on the merits and exceptions to report of referee. (2nd request) |
Sep 22 2000 | Extension of Time application Granted to resp to 10-10-2000 to file reply to petnr's brief on the merits and exceptions to report of referee. |
Oct 10 2000 | Response brief re referee's report (fully briefed) (Resp's reply brief to petner's brief on the merits and exceptions to report of the referee) |
Nov 7 2000 | Response brief re referee's report (fully briefed) (petner's habeas corpus reply brief) |
Oct 31 2001 | Previously consolidated cases ordered severed People v. Michael Anthony Cox (S004703) and In re Michael Anthony Cox on Habeas Corpus (S004507) previously consolidated by this court's order of 8/18/1988, are hereby severed. |
Feb 5 2002 | Letter sent to: counsel: parties are requested to file simultaneous letter briefs citing legal authority postdating the briefs on file relevant to any of the issues raised therein. Briefs due on or before 3-7-2002; replies due within 30 days of the filing of the letter briefs. |
Mar 6 2002 | Letter brief filed by respondent. (3 pp.) |
Mar 7 2002 | Letter brief filed By applt. (18 pp.) |
Mar 29 2002 | Filed: Resp.'s letter brief reply. (4 pp.) |
Apr 4 2002 | Filed: applt's reply to respondent's letter brief. (4 pp.) |
Jun 3 2002 | Exhibits lodged People's: 15, 16, 18A, 18B, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23A, 27, 28, 34, 35, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 55A, 55B, 55C and 55D. Defendant's: A, A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6. B1, C1, C2, G, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, Y and Z. |
Dec 2 2002 | Oral argument letter sent advising counsel that case could be scheduled for oral argument as early as Feb. 2003 calendar. Any notification of requirement for two counsel to argue or advisement of "focus issues" due no later than 10 days after the case has been set for oral argument. |
Dec 5 2002 | Received letter from: applt, dated 12-5-2002, requesting that the court consider setting oral argument no earlier than its March 2003 calendar. |
Dec 6 2002 | Received letter from: respondent, dated 12-5-2002, requesting that the court schedule oral argument for first week of March 2003. |
Jan 8 2003 | Motion filed by appellant for permission to file supplemental letter brief. |
Jan 15 2003 | Order filed Appellant's "Motion For Permission To File Supplemental Letter Brief" is granted. Any response should be served and filed on or before 2/4/2003. Any supplemental reply letter brief should be served and filed on or before February 14, 2003. No extensions of time will be granted. |
Jan 15 2003 | Letter brief filed by appellant. (6 pp.) |
Jan 31 2003 | Filed: Respondent's letter brief. (5 pp.) |
Feb 3 2003 | Case ordered on calendar 3-13-03, 1:30pm, S.F. consolidated oral argument with S004507, Cox on H.C. |
Feb 6 2003 | Received: letter from applt, dated 2-6-2003, with focus issues, and requesting that an additional 15 minutes be provided to each side for argument. (Note: two counsel to argue for Cox.) |
Feb 11 2003 | Request Denied The State Public Defender's request to augment the time for oral argument in the above-entitled matters is denied. The matters are to be argued together and each party is allotted a total of 45 minutes of argument. The State Public Defender's request to have two attorneys participate in oral argument in these matters is granted. |
Feb 13 2003 | Filed: Appellant's reply letter brief. (4 pp.) |
Feb 18 2003 | Filed letter from: Respondent's counsel, dated 2/11/2003, re focus issues for oral argument. |
Mar 13 2003 | Cause argued and submitted |
Jun 9 2003 | Opinion filed: Judgment affirmed in full Majority Opinion By Moreno, J. -- Joined by George, C. J. , Baxter, Werdegar, Chin, Brown, JJ. Dissenting Opinion by: Kennard, J. |
Jul 10 2003 | Remittitur issued (AA) |
Jul 15 2003 | Order filed (150 day statement) |
Jul 16 2003 | Received: receipt for remittitur. |
Aug 20 2003 | Exhibit(s) returned to El Dorado Co. Superior Court. |
Aug 29 2003 | Received: acknowledgment of receipt of exhibits. |
Sep 9 2003 | Received: copy of appellant's cert petition. |
Sep 15 2003 | Received letter from: U.S.S.C. dated, 9/10/2003, advising cert petition filed on 9/4/2003 as No. 03-6268. |
Dec 8 2003 | Received letter from: U.S.S.C., dated 12-1-2003, advising cert petition was denied that date. |
Feb 18 2005 | Motion filed (AA) appellant's "Motion For Copy of Document or, in the Alternative, Request for Order Preserving Document." (filed by Federal Public Defender's Office) |
Mar 11 2005 | Opposition filed respondent's opposition to motion seeking the referee's notes. |
Mar 30 2005 | Motion denied Michael A. Cox's "Motion for Copy of Document or, in the Alternative, Request for Order Preserving Document," filed February 18, 2005, is denied. |
Jun 30 2005 | Related habeas corpus petition filed (post-judgment) no. S135128 (filed by Federal Public Defender, Sacramento. |
Briefs | |
Aug 5 1987 | Appellant's opening brief filed |
Dec 11 1987 | Respondent's brief filed |
Mar 1 1988 | Appellant's reply brief filed |
Sep 12 1988 | Written return filed |
Nov 15 1988 | Traverse to return filed |
Nov 30 1990 | Written return filed |
Oct 10 2000 | Response brief re referee's report (fully briefed) |
Nov 7 2000 | Response brief re referee's report (fully briefed) |