Camargo v. Tjaarda Dairy (2001) 25 Cal.4th 1235 , 108 Cal.Rptr.2d 617; 25 P.3d 1096
EVA CAMARGO et al., Plaintiffs and Appellants, v. TJAARDA DAIRY et al., Defendants and Respondents.
(Superior Court of Kern County, No. 233850, Robert J. Anspach, Judge.)
(The Court of Appeal, Fifth Dist., No. F031741, 79 Cal.App.4th 1088.)
(Opinion by Brown, J., with George, C. J., Kennard, Baxter, and Chin, JJ., concurring. Concurring opinion by Werdegar, J. (see p. 1245).)
COUNSEL
Law Offices of Federico Castelan Sayre, Federico Castelan Sayre and Timothy A. Black for Plaintiffs and Appellants.
Ian Herzog; Bruce Broillet; Thomas Stolpman; Daniel U. Smith; William L. Veen; Robert S. Arns; Kevin Calcagnie; and Rebecca Quinn for Consumer Attorneys Association as Amicus Curiae on behalf of Plaintiffs and Appellants.
Borton, Petrini & Conron, John F. Petrini and Michael J. Stump for Defendants and Respondents.
Deborah J. La Fetra for Pacific Legal Foundation as Amicus Curiae on behalf of Defendants and Respondents.
John P. Carpenter for the Association of General Contractors of California as Amicus Curiae on behalf of Defendants and Respondents.
William J. Moran and Eileen F. Braunreiter for Automobile Club of Southern California and California State Automobile Association as Amici Curiae on behalf of Defendants and Respondents.
Sedgwick, Detert, Moran & Arnold and Frederick D. Baker for American Chemistry Council as Amicus Curiae on behalf of Defendants and Respondents.
Fred J. Hiestand for the Civil Justice Association of California as Amicus Curiae on behalf of Defendants and Respondents. [25 Cal.4th 1238]
OPINION
BROWN, J.-
Alberto Camargo was killed when his tractor rolled over as he was driving over a large mound of manure in a corral belonging to Tjaarda Dairy. Camargo was an employee of Golden Cal Trucking, and Golden Cal Trucking was an independent contractor Tjaarda Dairy had hired to scrape the manure out of its corrals and to haul it away in exchange for the right to purchase the manure at a discount. Plaintiffs, Camargo's wife and five children, sued defendants Tjaarda Dairy and Perry Tjaarda on the theory, among others, that they were negligent in hiring Golden Cal Trucking because they failed to determine whether Camargo was qualified to operate the tractor safely. The trial court granted defendants' motion for summary judgment. With regard to the cause of action for negligent hiring, the trial court relied on our then recent decision in Toland v. Sunland Housing Group, Inc. (1998) 18 Cal.4th 253 [74 Cal.Rptr.2d 878, 955 P.2d 504] (Toland), for its conclusion that an injured employee of an independent contractor may not bring such an action against the hirer of the contractor. Plaintiffs appealed, limiting their appeal to this issue, and the Court of Appeal reversed. The question presented, therefore, is whether the rationale of our decisions in Privette v. Superior Court (1993) 5 Cal.4th 689 [21 Cal.Rptr.2d 72, 854 P.2d 721] (Privette) and Toland, which involved tort liability under the peculiar risk doctrine, also applies to the tort of negligent hiring. The answer to this question is yes, the Privette/Toland rationale does bar an employee of an independent contractor from bringing a negligent hiring action against the hirer of the contractor.
Discussion
I. Privette, the Peculiar Risk Doctrine, and the Rationale for Precluding an Employee of an Independent Contractor from Relying on That Doctrine in a Suit Against the Hirer of the Contractor
In Toland, we summarized the peculiar risk doctrine and explained why we had concluded in Privette that under the doctrine a hirer's liability does not extend to the hired contractor's employees. [1] "Under the doctrine of peculiar risk, a person who hires an independent contractor to do inherently dangerous work can be held liable for tort damages when the contractor causes injury to others by negligently performing the work. The doctrine serves to ensure that innocent bystanders or neighboring landowners injured [25 Cal.4th 1239] by the hired contractor's negligence will have a source of compensation even if the contractor turns out to be insolvent. As we explained in [Privette, supra, 5 Cal.4th at page] 694, courts created the peculiar risk doctrine in the belief that 'as between two parties innocent of any personal wrongdoing—the person who contracted for the work and the hapless victim of the contractor's negligence—the risk of loss occasioned by the contracted work was more fairly allocated to the person for whose benefit the job was undertaken.' [¶] In Privette ..., we unanimously held that under the peculiar risk doctrine the hiring person's liability does not extend to the hired contractor's employees. Because the Workers' Compensation Act (Lab. Code, § 3200 et seq.) shields an independent contractor from tort liability to its employees, applying the peculiar risk doctrine to the independent contractor's employees would illogically and unfairly subject the hiring person, who did nothing to create the risk that caused the injury, to greater liability than that faced by the independent contractor whose negligence caused the employee's injury. (5 Cal.4th at pp. 698-700.) As we concluded: '[T]he property owner should not have to pay for injuries caused by the contractor's negligent performance of the work when workers' compensation statutes already cover those injuries.' (Id. at p. 699.)" (Toland, supra, 18 Cal.4th at p. 256.)
This rationale—that the hirer should not have to pay for injuries caused by the contractor's negligent performance because the workers' compensation system already covers those injuries—is, we pointed out in Privette, supported by related policy considerations. "As one court observed, the 'principal' who hires an independent contractor should be subject to no greater liability 'than its [independent contractor] agent,' whose exposure for injury to an employee is limited to providing workers' compensation insurance. [Citation.] Other courts have reasoned that the rule of workers' compensation exclusivity, which shields an independent contractor who pays workers' compensation insurance premiums from further liability to its employees for on-the-job injuries, should equally protect the property owner who, in hiring the contractor, is indirectly paying for the cost of such coverage, which the contractor presumably has calculated into the contract price.... [¶] ... [¶] Courts and legal commentators have expressed concern that to allow an independent contractor's employees who incur work-related injuries compensable under the workers' compensation system to also seek damages under the doctrine of peculiar risk from the person who hired the contractor would give those employees an unwarranted windfall. As these authorities point out, to permit such recovery would give these employees something that is denied to other workers: the right to recover tort damages for industrial injuries caused by their employer's failure to provide a safe working environment. This, in effect, would exempt a single class of employees, those who work for independent contractors, from the statutorily [25 Cal.4th 1240] mandated limits of workers' compensation. [Citations.] Moreover, to impose vicarious liability for tort damages on a person who hires an independent contractor for specialized work would penalize those individuals who hire experts to perform dangerous work rather than assigning such activity to their own inexperienced employees. [Citations.]" (Privette, supra, 5 Cal.4th at pp. 699-700.)
In Privette, the complaint, initially, also alleged negligent hiring, but that cause of action was dropped, so we did not there reach the question we address now. (Privette, supra, 5 Cal.4th at pp. 692, fn. 1, 702.)
II. Toland and the Application of the Privette Rationale to the Peculiar Risk Doctrine as Set Forth in Section 413, as Well as Section 416, of the Restatement Second of Torts
The doctrine of peculiar risk, insofar as it was relevant in Privette and Toland, is described in sections 413 and 416 of the Restatement Second of Torts. fn. 1 [2] Under section 413, a person who hires an independent contractor to do inherently dangerous work, but who fails to provide in the contract or in some other manner that special precautions be taken to avert the peculiar risks of that work, can be liable if the contractor's negligent performance of the work causes injury to others. "Because section 413 rests the liability of the hiring person on his or her omission to provide for special precautions in the contract or in some other manner, it is sometimes described as a rule of 'direct liability.' " (Toland, supra, 18 Cal.4th at p. 259.)
Under section 416, even if the hiring person has provided for special precautions in the contract or otherwise, the hiring person can nevertheless be liable if the contractor fails to exercise reasonable care to take such precautions and the contractor's performance of the work causes injury to others. "Because the hiring person's liability under section 416 ... flows from the independent contractor's negligent failure to take special precautions in performing the inherently dangerous work, as required by 'the contract or otherwise,' the hiring person's liability is often referred to as 'vicarious liability.' [Citations.]" (Toland, supra, 18 Cal.4th at p. 260, fn. omitted.)
In Toland, a subcontractor's employee sued the general contractor for on-the-job injuries, asserting that Privette did not bar recovery for direct liability under section 413, but only for vicarious liability under section 416. We rejected the argument, noting that the distinction between the two sorts of liability was not that neat under peculiar risk theory. "[P]eculiar risk [25 Cal.4th 1241] liability is not a traditional theory of direct liability for the risks created by one's own conduct: Liability under both sections is in essence 'vicarious' or 'derivative' in the sense that it derives from the 'act or omission' of the hired contractor, because it is the hired contractor who has caused the injury by failing to use reasonable care in performing the work." (Toland, supra, 18 Cal.4th at p. 265.) Accordingly, we held that, "contrary to plaintiff Toland's assertion, our decision in Privette, supra, 5 Cal.4th 689, bars employees of a hired contractor who are injured by the contractor's negligence from seeking recovery against the hiring person, irrespective of whether recovery is sought under the theory of peculiar risk set forth in section 416 or section 413 of the Restatement Second of Torts. In either situation, it would be unfair to impose liability on the hiring person when the liability of the contractor, the one primarily responsible for the worker's on-the-job injuries, is limited to providing workers' compensation coverage." (Toland, supra, 18 Cal.4th at p. 267.)
III. Application of the Privette/Toland Rationale to Negligent Hiring Cases Under Section 411
[3] Section 411, entitled "Negligence in Selection of Contractor," provides: "An employer is subject to liability for physical harm to third persons caused by his failure to exercise reasonable care to employ a competent and careful contractor [¶] (a) to do work which will involve a risk of physical harm unless it is skillfully and carefully done, or [¶] (b) to perform any duty which the employer owes to third persons." (Rest.2d Torts, at p. 376, italics added.)
Defendant contends an employee of a contractor is not a third person for the purposes of section 411, and in support of its position, defendant notes that not one of the eight illustrations to section 411 involves an employee of a contractor. (See Rest.2d Torts, at pp. 377-382.)
This omission cannot be dismissed as an oversight. Section 411, like sections 413 and 416—the sections setting out the peculiar risk doctrine we considered in Privette and Toland—appears in chapter 15 of the Restatement Second of Torts, and as we noted in Toland, a tentative draft to the Restatement "stated that 'when the Sections in this Chapter speak of liability to "another," or "others," or to "third persons," it is to be understood that the employees of the contractor, as well as those of the defendant himself, are not included.' (Rest.2d Torts (Tent. Draft No. 7, Apr. 16, 1962) ch. 15, special note, p. 18, italics added.)" (Toland, supra, 18 Cal.4th at pp. 266-267.) The overwhelming majority of the courts of other jurisdictions that have addressed the question have concluded that an employee of a contractor is not [25 Cal.4th 1242] a third person for the purposes of section 411. (See, e.g., Hess v. Upper Mississippi Towing Corp. (5th Cir. 1977) 559 F.2d 1030, 1033; Best v. Energized Substation Service, Inc. (1993) 88 Ohio App.3d 109 [623 N.E.2d 158, 162]; Mentzer v. Ognibene (1991) 408 Pa.Super, 578 [597 A.2d 604, 607-609]; Chapman v. Black (1987) 49 Wash.App. 94 [741 P.2d 998, 1003-1005]; Valdez v. Cillessen & Son, Inc. (1987) 105 N.M. 575 [734 P.2d 1258, 1263]; but see Sievers v. McClure (Alaska 1987) 746 P.2d 885, 890-891.)
Without grappling with the reasoning of the cases that are unfavorable to them, plaintiffs simply dismiss them as "out-of-state case law." The significant point, they insist, is that California courts have upheld negligent hiring actions brought by employees of contractors against the hirers of the contractors.
Plaintiffs rely on five opinions of the Courts of Appeal: Grahn v. Tosco Corp. (1997) 58 Cal.App.4th 1373 [68 Cal.Rptr.2d 806] (Grahn); Smith v. ACandS, Inc. (1994) 31 Cal.App.4th 77 [37 Cal.Rptr.2d 457] (Smith); Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Superior Court (1992) 4 Cal.App.4th 544 [5 Cal.Rptr.2d 674] (Chevron); Holman v. State of California (1975) 53 Cal.App.3d 317 [124 Cal.Rptr. 773] (Holman); and Gettemy v. Star House Movers (1964) 225 Cal.App.2d 636 [37 Cal.Rptr. 441] (Gettemy). We do not find these cases persuasive on this point. Three of the five—Chevron, Holman, and Gettemy—were decided without the benefit of our decision in Privette, much less Toland. Moreover, the question whether an employee of a contractor is a "third person" for the purposes of section 411 was, so far as the opinions reflect, never raised in Chevron, Holman, or Gettemy. (See Chevron, at p. 549; Holman, at pp. 335-337; Gettemy, at pp. 644-645.)
Smith was decided in the interim between Privette and Toland, and the plaintiff there made claims under both the peculiar risk and the negligent hiring doctrines. A pipe fitter who suffered from asbestosis and asbestos-related pleural disease sued asbestos manufacturers, asbestos installers, premises owners, and others. The jury found Pacific Gas and Electric Company liable for hiring asbestos insulation contractors whose work created a peculiar risk of harm to others. The issue submitted to the jury was "whether [Pacific Gas and Electric Company] was vicariously liable for the negligence of insulation contractors—not Smith's pipe fitting employer." (Smith, supra, 31 Cal.App.4th at p. 95.) The plaintiff in Smith sought to distinguish Privette on the ground it "does not prevent tort recovery against nonnegligent landowners by a hired contractor's employee who is injured by the negligence of another contractor working on the premises." (Id. at p. 94.) Rejecting the attempted distinction, the Court of Appeal reversed, concluding that under Privette, "a landowner that hires several independent contractors to work simultaneously on a project on its land is not vicariously liable [25 Cal.4th 1243] under the doctrine of peculiar risk for the negligence of any of the hired contractors which injures any of the contractors' employees." (Smith, at p. 95.)
In Smith, the Court of Appeal reversed the judgment and remanded the case for a new trial on "the question of [Pacific Gas and Electric Company's] general negligence." (Smith, supra, 31 Cal.App.4th at p. 97.) Here, plaintiffs characterize the remand in Smith as "allow[ing] the negligent hiring cause of action to be heard before the jury despite the fact that it was an employee of the independent contractor who advanced the negligent hiring claim." However, Smith does not stand for the proposition that an employee of a contractor may bring a tort action for negligence in hiring that contractor. The plaintiff in Smith was the employee of a pipe fitter, and the question to be determined on remand was whether Pacific Gas and Electric Company was negligent in hiring insulation contractors. (Smith, at p. 97.)
The plaintiff in Grahn was a brick mason employed by J. L. Thorpe & Sons (Thorpe), an independent contractor specializing in the installation and repair of refractory and insulation materials in high-temperature units such as furnaces and boilers in, among other facilities, refineries. Diagnosed with asbestos-related lung disease, Grahn brought suit against 200 defendants, including manufacturers and suppliers of various asbestos-containing insulation products, as well as owners of properties where Grahn had worked for Thorpe. All of the defendants except Tosco Corporation either settled or were dismissed from the action. One of three theories of negligence Grahn relied upon was that Tosco Corporation was negligent in hiring Thorpe to remove asbestos-containing materials at its refinery. (Grahn, supra, 58 Cal.App.4th at p. 1380.) Therefore, unlike Smith, the negligence alleged in Grahn lay in hiring the contractor who employed the plaintiff.
Like Smith, Grahn was decided after Privette but before Toland. Without the benefit of the gloss provided by Toland, the Court of Appeal in Grahn misunderstood Privette to have been bottomed on the ground that the hirer in a peculiar risk case is not directly negligent. "In Privette, the court had before it only the issue of whether a peculiar risk theory could be used to hold a nonnegligent hirer liable under vicarious liability for the negligence of the independent contractor." (Grahn, supra, 58 Cal.App.4th at p. 1384.)
To the contrary, as we explained in Toland, the rationale of our decision in Privette extends to cases where the hirer is directly negligent in the sense of having failed to take precautions against the peculiar risks involved in the work entrusted to the contractor. To repeat: In Toland, we rejected the plaintiff's argument that Privette did not bar recovery for direct liability [25 Cal.4th 1244] under section 413, but only for vicarious liability under section 416. "[P]eculiar risk liability is not a traditional theory of direct liability for the risks created by one's own conduct: Liability under both sections is in essence 'vicarious' or 'derivative' in the sense that it derives from the 'act or omission' of the hired contractor, because it is the hired contractor who has caused the injury by failing to use reasonable care in performing the work." (Toland, supra, 18 Cal.4th at p. 265.) "[C]ontrary to plaintiff Toland's assertion, our decision in Privette, supra, 5 Cal.4th 689, bars employees of a hired contractor who are injured by the contractor's negligence from seeking recovery against the hiring person, irrespective of whether recovery is sought under the theory of peculiar risk set forth in section 416 or section 413 of the Restatement Second of Torts. In either situation, it would be unfair to impose liability on the hiring person when the liability of the contractor, the one primarily responsible for the worker's on-the-job injuries, is limited to providing workers' compensation coverage." (Toland, supra, 18 Cal.4th at p. 267.)
For the same reasons, an employee of a contractor should be barred from seeking recovery from the hirer under the theory of negligent hiring set forth in section 411. Admittedly, as the Grahn court observed, under section 411, the hirer is, in a sense, being taxed with his own negligence under a theory of direct liability. (Grahn, supra, 58 Cal.App.4th at p. 1385.) However, the same could be said with regard to an action brought under the peculiar risk theory set forth in section 413. More importantly, under both sections 411 and 413, the liability of the hirer is "in essence 'vicarious' or 'derivative' in the sense that it derives from the 'act or omission' of the hired contractor, because it is the hired contractor who caused the injury by failing to use reasonable care in performing the work." (Toland, supra, 18 Cal.4th at p. 265.) Therefore, in a negligent hiring case under the theory set forth in section 411, just as in peculiar risk cases under the theories set forth in sections 413 and 416, "it would be unfair to impose liability on the hiring person when the liability of the contractor, the one primarily responsible for the worker's on-the-job injuries, is limited to providing workers' compensation coverage." (Toland, supra, 18 Cal.4th at p. 267.)
Two of the related policy considerations we relied upon in Privette also support our conclusion here that an employee of an independent contractor should not be permitted to bring a negligent hiring action against the hirer of the contractor: (1) The rule of workers' compensation exclusivity, which shields an independent contractor who pays workers' compensation insurance premiums from further liability to its employees, should equally apply to the person hiring the contractor because the hirer has indirectly paid the cost of such coverage inasmuch as it was presumably calculated into the [25 Cal.4th 1245] contract price (Privette, supra, 5 Cal.4th at p. 699); and (2) permitting such a recovery would give employees of independent contractors an unwarranted windfall, something that is denied other workers—the right to recover tort damages for industrial injuries caused by their employer's failure to provide a safe working environment (id. at pp. 699-700). fn. 2
Insofar as they are inconsistent with this opinion, the following cases are disapproved: Grahn v. Tosco Corp., supra, 58 Cal.App.4th 1373; Smith v. ACandS, Inc., supra, 31 Cal.App.4th 77, Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Superior Court, supra, 4 Cal.App.4th 544, Holman v. State of California, supra, 53 Cal.App.3d 317, and Gettemy v. Star House Movers, supra, 225 Cal.App.2d 636.
The judgment of the Court of Appeal is reversed and the matter is remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
George, C. J., Kennard, J., Baxter, J., and Chin, J., concurred.
CONCURRING OPINION:
WERDEGAR, J.-
I concur under the compulsion of Toland v. Sunland Housing Group, Inc. (1998) 18 Cal.4th 253 [74 Cal.Rptr.2d 878, 955 P.2d 504] (Toland). If, as the majority held in Toland, the hirer's responsibility for its own negligence under the peculiar risk theory embodied in section 413 of the Restatement Second of Torts is deemed so " 'vicarious' or 'derivative' " (Toland, supra, at p. 265) that to recognize tort liability for the results of that negligence would be "unfair" (id. at p. 267), the same must be said of the hirer's liability for its own negligence in choosing an unqualified contractor (Rest.2d Torts, § 411).
In a separate opinion in Toland, I took issue with the majority's blanket approach, arguing that in some cases of peculiar risk negligence the hirer, rather than the contractor, will have the superior knowledge of, or ability to control, the circumstances creating a risk of injury, and that in those cases imposing tort liability on the hirer would be both fair and economically efficient despite the contractor's limited liability under the workers' compensation law. (Toland, supra, 18 Cal.4th at pp. 271, 275-280 (conc. & dis. opn. of Werdegar, J.).) The same could be said of the negligent hiring theory [25 Cal.4th 1246] raised in this case, but, in light of the majority's adherence here to its Toland approach, the point is moot.
An odd aspect of the majority opinion here, as in Toland, is its partial reliance on very broad arguments that, if given their full logical scope, would seem to bar virtually all liability on the part of hirers for injuries to contractors' employees, however direct and personal the hirer's negligence, while the majority nonetheless disavows so general a scope for its holding. (See maj. opn., ante, at pp. 1244-1245 & fn. 2; Toland, supra, 18 Cal.4th at pp. 281-282 (conc. & dis. opn. of Werdegar, J.).) Whether these arguments are merely makeweights, or are the majority's true ground of decision, will, perhaps, be revealed when the court considers theories of hirer liability that cannot with any plausibility be deemed vicarious or derivative, such as those raised in the cases mentioned in footnote 2 of the majority opinion.
FN 1. All section references are to the Restatement Second of Torts.
FN 2. Today we have concluded that the rationale of our decisions in Privette and Toland, which involved tort liability under the peculiar risk doctrine, also applies to the tort of negligent hiring. Review has been granted in cases that present related questions—whether the Privette/Toland rationale should apply as well to the tort of negligent exercise of retained control (Hooker v. Department of Transportation, review granted Nov. 1, 2000, S091601) or the tort of negligent provision of unsafe equipment (McKown v. Walmart Stores, Inc. (2000) 82 Cal.App.4th 562 [98 Cal.Rptr.2d 214], review granted Oct. 18, 2000, S091097)—and our opinion today should not be read as having prejudged those questions.
[End of Volume 25 Cal.4th]
Petition for review after the Court of Appeal reversed a summary judgment in a civil action. This case concerns whether a cause of action for negligent hiring maybe brought against the hirer of an independent contractor by an employee of the independent contractor who was injured in the courts of his employment in light of Privette v. Superior Court (1993) 5 Cal.4th 680 and Toland v. Sunland Housing Group (1998) 18 Cal.4th 253.
| Date: | Citation: | Docket Number: | Category: | Status: | Cross Referenced Cases: |
| Thu, 07/05/2001 | 25 Cal.4th 1235 | S088632 | Review - Civil Appeal | closed; remittitur issued | MCKOWN v. WAL-MART STORES (S091097) |
| 1 | Tjaarda Dairy (Respondent) Represented by John F. Petrini Borton Petrini & Conron, Llp 1600 Truxtun Avenue Post Office Box 2026 Bakersfield, CA |
| 2 | Tjaarda, Perry (Respondent) Represented by John F. Petrini Borton Petrini & Conron, Llp 1600 Truxtun Avenue Post Office Box 2026 Bakersfield, CA |
| 3 | Camargo, Eva (Appellant) Represented by Timothy Andrew Black Law Offices of Federico Castelan Sayre 450 Newport Center Drive, Suite 650 Newport Beach, CA |
| 4 | Camargo, Eva (Appellant) Represented by Steven M. Nunez Law Office Of Federico Castelan Sayre 450 Newport Center Drive, Suite 650 Newport Beach, CA |
| 5 | Camargo, Eva (Appellant) Represented by Federico C. Sayre Frederico C. Sayre 450 Newport Center Drive, Suite 650 Newport Beach, CA |
| 6 | San Gabriel County Water District (Amicus curiae) Represented by Steven Paul O'Neill Lemieux & O'Neill 200 N Westlake Blvd #102 Westlake Village, CA |
| 7 | Valley County Water District (Amicus curiae) |
| 8 | Pacific Legal Foundation (Amicus curiae) Represented by Deborah Joyce Lafetra Pacific Legal Foundation 10360 Old placerville Raod, Suite 100 Sacramento, CA |
| 9 | American Chemistry Council (Amicus curiae) Represented by Frederick D. Baker Sedgwick, Detert, Moran & Arnold One Embarcadero Center, 16th Floor San Francisco, CA |
| 10 | Civil Justice Association Of California (Amicus curiae) Represented by Fred James Hiestand Civil Justice Association of California (CJAC) 1121 L Street,Ste 100 Sacramento, CA |
| 11 | Association Of General Contractors Of California (Amicus curiae) Represented by John P. Carpenter 408 North 2200 West, Bldg. B 408 North 2200 West, Bldg. B Salt Lake City, UT |
| 12 | Consumer Attorneys Association Of California (Amicus curiae) Represented by Rebecca Anne Maher-Quinn Law Ofc William L Veen 711 Van Ness Ave #220 San Francisco, CA |
| 13 | Automobile Club Of Southern California (Amicus curiae) Represented by William J. Moran Automobile Club Of Southern Calif 3333 Fairview Road, Mail Stop A-451 Costa Mesa, CA |
| 14 | California State Automobile Association (Amicus curiae) Represented by William J. Moran Automobile Club Of Southern Calif 3333 Fairview Road, Mail Stop A-451 Costa Mesa, CA |
| Disposition | |
| Jul 5 2001 | Opinion: Reversed |
| Dockets | |
| May 25 2000 | Petition for review filed Resps Tjaarda Dairy Et Al [40n/Fecexp] Record requested |
| Jun 5 2000 | Received: CA Record in F031741 one Doghouse |
| Jun 14 2000 | Request for depublication (petition for review pending) by counsel for Tjaarda Dairy |
| Jul 26 2000 | Time Extended to grant or deny Petition for Review to Aug. 23, 2000. This order is entered nunc pro tunc as of July 24, 2000, due to clerical error |
| Jul 26 2000 | Petition for Review Granted (civil case) Votes: George, CJ., Kennard, Chin, Brown, JJS. |
| Aug 17 2000 | Application for Extension of Time filed Resp's asking to October 9, 2000, to file Resps' Opening Brief on the Merits. Granted to September 25, 2000, - order being prepared |
| Aug 24 2000 | Extension of Time application Granted To September 25, 2000 to file Respondents' Openig Brief on nthe Merits. "No further extensions will be granted." |
| Sep 25 2000 | Opening brief on the merits filed Respondents Tjaarda Dairy and Perry Tjaarda |
| Sep 25 2000 | Change of Address filed for: Lemieux & O'Neill, effective Oct. 1, 2000. [Petrs. San Gabriel County Water District and Valley County Water District] |
| Oct 23 2000 | Application for Extension of Time filed Respondent's answer brief on the merits to and including 11/24/2000. (1st request) [OK to 11/15 only/order prepared] |
| Oct 30 2000 | Extension of Time application Granted Appellants' brief on the merits to and including 11/15/2000. No further extensions of time are contemplated. |
| Nov 16 2000 | Answer brief on the merits filed Appellants Eva Camargo et al. (40n/FedExp) |
| Dec 6 2000 | Reply brief filed (case fully briefed) |
| Dec 22 2000 | Received application to file Amicus Curiae Brief of Pacific Legal Foundation in support of Respondent Tjaarda Dairy et al. |
| Jan 2 2001 | Application for Extension of Time filed by AMERICAN CHEMISTRY COUNCIL to file application to file amicus curiae brief and amicus brief until February 5, 2001.[okay to 1/26/2001 - order prepared] |
| Jan 3 2001 | Application for Extension of Time filed by CIVIL JUSTICE ASSOCIATION OF CALIF. (CJAC) to file the application to file amicus brief and brief, up to and including January 16, 2001. [okay to 1/26/2001 -- order prepared] |
| Jan 3 2001 | Permission to file amicus curiae brief granted Of Pacific Legal Foundation in support of respondents. Answers due within 20 days. |
| Jan 3 2001 | Amicus Curiae Brief filed by: Pacific Legal Foundation in support of Respondents. Answers is due within 20 days. |
| Jan 4 2001 | Received app. to file A.C. brief; with brief Consumer Attorneys Association of California in support of appellants Camargo, et al. [okay -- order prepared] |
| Jan 4 2001 | Received app. to file A.C. brief; with brief The Associated General Contractors of California in support of respondents. [okay - order prepared] |
| Jan 5 2001 | Received app. to file A.C. brief; with brief Automobile Club of Southern California & California State Automobile Assn. |
| Jan 9 2001 | Permission to file amicus curiae brief granted Associated General Contractors of California in support of respondents. Answer by any party due within 20 days of filing of the brief. |
| Jan 9 2001 | Amicus Curiae Brief filed by: ASSOCIATED GENERAL CONTRACTORS OF CALIFORNIA IN SUPPORT OF RESPONDENTS |
| Jan 9 2001 | Permission to file amicus curiae brief granted Consumer Attorneys Association of California in support of appellants. Answer by any party due within 20 days of the filing of the brief. |
| Jan 9 2001 | Amicus Curiae Brief filed by: CONSUMER ATTORNEYS ASSOCIATION OF CALIFORNIA IN SUPPORT OF APPELLANTS |
| Jan 9 2001 | Extension of Time application Granted Amicus American Chemistry Council to and including 1/26/2001 to file the application and amicus curiae brief. Answer by any party due within 20 days of filing of the brief. |
| Jan 9 2001 | Extension of Time application Granted Amicus Civil Justice Association of California (CJAC) to file the application and amicus brief to and including 1/26/2001. Answer by any party due within 20 days of the filing of the amicus brief. |
| Jan 17 2001 | Permission to file amicus curiae brief granted Automobile Club of Southern California and California State Automobile Association in support of appellants. Answewr due within 20 days of the filing of the brief. |
| Jan 17 2001 | Amicus Curiae Brief filed by: AUTOMOBILE CLUB OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA AND CALIFORNIA STATE AUTOMOBILE ASSOCIATION IN SUPPORT OF APPELLANTS. |
| Jan 26 2001 | Received app. to file A.C. brief; with brief American Chemistry Council [order prepared] |
| Jan 26 2001 | Permission to file amicus curiae brief granted American Chemistry Council in support of resps. Answer due within 20 days. |
| Jan 26 2001 | Amicus Curiae Brief filed by: AMERICAN CHEMISTRY COUNCIL IN SUPPORT OF RESPS. |
| Jan 29 2001 | Received app. to file A.C. brief; with brief Civil Justice Association of California (CJAC) in support of respondents. [40n/Fed Express] (order prepared) |
| Jan 30 2001 | Response to Amicus Curiae Brief filed by: Resp's to amicus brief of the Consumer Attorneys Association of California. (40n/FedExp) |
| Feb 5 2001 | Permission to file amicus curiae brief granted Civil Justice Associationof California in support of respondents. Answer due within 20 days of filing of the brief. |
| Feb 5 2001 | Amicus Curiae Brief filed by: Civil Justice Association of California in support of respondents. |
| Feb 15 2001 | Response to Amicus Curiae Brief filed by: Respondents to amicus brief of the Association of General Contractors of California |
| Mar 16 2001 | Request for Judicial Notice filed Respondent's |
| May 3 2001 | Case Ordered on Calendar: THURS., JUNE 7, 2001 @ 9:00 A.M. in LA |
| May 11 2001 | Received letter from: Borton, Petrini [ Resps. Tjaarda Dairy et al. ] enclosing application to divide time for oral argument. |
| May 25 2001 | Order filed: perm granted for two counsel to argue on behalf of resps. |
| May 25 2001 | Order filed: perm granted for resps to allocate 10 min oral argument time to A/C Am. Chem. Council |
| Jun 7 2001 | Cause Called, Argued and Submitted |
| Jul 5 2001 | Opinion filed: Judgment reversed remanded opinion by: Brown, J. we concur: George C.J., Kennard, Baxter, Chin JJ. Separate concurring opinion by: Werdegar, J. |
| Aug 14 2001 | Remittitur issued (civil case) Certified copies sent to CA/5 |
| Aug 20 2001 | Received: receipt for remittitur from CA/5 |
| Briefs | |
| Sep 25 2000 | Opening brief on the merits filed Respondents Tjaarda Dairy and Perry Tjaarda |
| Nov 16 2000 | Answer brief on the merits filed Appellants Eva Camargo et al. (40n/FedExp) |
| Dec 6 2000 | Reply brief filed (case fully briefed) |
| Jan 3 2001 | Amicus Curiae Brief filed by: Pacific Legal Foundation in support of Respondents. Answers is due within 20 days. |
| Jan 9 2001 | Amicus Curiae Brief filed by: ASSOCIATED GENERAL CONTRACTORS OF CALIFORNIA IN SUPPORT OF RESPONDENTS |
| Jan 9 2001 | Amicus Curiae Brief filed by: CONSUMER ATTORNEYS ASSOCIATION OF CALIFORNIA IN SUPPORT OF APPELLANTS |
| Jan 17 2001 | Amicus Curiae Brief filed by: AUTOMOBILE CLUB OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA AND CALIFORNIA STATE AUTOMOBILE ASSOCIATION IN SUPPORT OF APPELLANTS. |
| Jan 26 2001 | Amicus Curiae Brief filed by: AMERICAN CHEMISTRY COUNCIL IN SUPPORT OF RESPS. |
| Jan 30 2001 | Response to Amicus Curiae Brief filed by: Resp's to amicus brief of the Consumer Attorneys Association of California. (40n/FedExp) |
| Feb 5 2001 | Amicus Curiae Brief filed by: Civil Justice Association of California in support of respondents. |
| Feb 15 2001 | Response to Amicus Curiae Brief filed by: Respondents to amicus brief of the Association of General Contractors of California |
